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ijnJii his feet, which tiirniiiR on a pivot, afts as a vane. 

 The park in the upper town (anciently part of the forcft dc 

 SoiRnc) is a beautiful promenade, and has a public pleafurc- 

 . garden in one of its groves. The grten walk near the canal 

 ha-, a pleafing appearance, being two miles in lenglli. 15c- 

 fides the place royale, lirulTels is ornamented with fcvcn 

 fqiiares or market-places. The principal are the great market, 

 the place St. Michael, the corn-market, the petit fablon, 

 and the grar.d fsblon, where a beautiful fo'intain wasercded 

 by lord Aylcfbury. In this town are twenty public foun- 

 tains, adon.ed with ftatucs, &c. the niuft remarkable ia the 

 inanncke pitt, on which is reprcfented a child in brafs, which 

 is fo admir.ihly executed tliat it has excited the notice of 

 many connoillctirs, and partxvdarly the cledor palatnie in 

 l6y8, and Lewis XV'. in 17^7. The population of BrutTcls 

 is tllimated at 80,0:0. In Tinfeau'i Statiftical View of 

 France, its fonr parts or cantons are repreftnted as contam- 

 ing 66,297 inhabitant?, and including 7i kiliometres, and 

 one conmnir.e. It had formerly confidcrablc trade in the ma- 

 nufacture of camlet and tapeltry, which is now on the de- 

 cline : but its lace is ftiU in high eftimation, as the mod 

 beautiful in the world. Its carpets are aifo noted all over 

 Europe. This town has fuffered frequently by war: it 

 was bombarded in 1695 by mnrtfchal Villeroy ; and be- 

 flcged, in xyoS, by the elecior of Bavaria, and in 1746, by 

 martfchal Saxe. It was taken by the Trench in the fura- 

 mer of 1794. Charles II. king of England, and his bro- 

 ther the duke of York, made LrnlTtls their occalional refi- 

 dencc during the nfurpation of Cromwell. This town has 

 given birth to many celebrated men : amorg others are, 

 Duqucfnoy, Vanh^lmont, St. Aldegondc, Breugh Cham- 

 paigne, D'Artois, and other painters. BrulTels is 2 1 miles 

 S. of Antwerp, 26 S. E. of Ghent, and 141 N. by E. of 

 Paris. N. lat. 48^ 51'. E. long. 4^ 28'. 



Brossels, Roger of, in Biography. See Vander 

 Wevde. . 



BRUSSOW, in Geography, a town of Germany, in the 

 circle of Upper Saxony, and Ucker Mark of Brandenburg; 

 12 milts N. E. of Prtnxlovv. 



BRUSTERVORT Point is fituate in the Baltic fea ; 

 3 leagues N. by W. from Koningfourg deep, and 16 leagues 

 N. E. by N. from Mcmel deep. 



BRUSZILOW, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 

 Kiov ; 46 miles W. of Kiov. 



BRUTA, in Zoology, is the fecond order of animals in 

 the Mammalia clals, the charatter of v^'hich confifts in 

 having no fore teeth in either jaw. Tlie genera of this clafs 

 are, bradyiiis, myrmecojhaga, rnanis, dafypus, rhinoceros , tie- 

 phtis, aid trichecus ; which fee. 



BRUTE, or Beast, a term generally applied to quadru- 

 pedj, and alfo to other animals, and implying inferiority of 

 inttllcdl. 



Among brutes, the monkey kind, both in the external 

 (hape and interna! llrndure, bear the nearefl; refemblance to 

 man. In the monkey-kind, the higheft and the mod nearly 

 approaching the likenefs of man, is the orang-outang, or 

 ho/iio fyl-vtjiris. 



Philofophers are much divided about the effential cha- 

 rafters of brutes. Some define brute as an animal not rifible, 

 or a living creature incapable of laughter ; others, a mute 

 animal, or a living thing deftitute of fpeech ; the Peripate- 

 tics, an animal endowed with a fenfitive power, but without 

 a rational one. The Piatonills allow reafon and undcrlland- 

 ing, as well as fenfe, to brutes, though in a degree lefs pure 

 and refined than that of men. Indeed, the generality of the 

 ancient philofophers thought that brutes reafoned : this, 

 among the heathens, was the opinion of Anaxagoras, Por- 

 phyry, Celfus, Galen, Plutarch, as well as Plato and others. 



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Plntai-ch has a dialogue under this title, that brutes ufe rea- 

 fon (Op. vol. ii. p. 088.) The whole Pythagorean left 

 (hould alfo be of the fame fentiment, becaufe the metempfy- 

 chofis imports, that human fouls pafs into the bodies of 

 brutes. The Stoics alfo holding that the Divine Being is 

 ditfuftd through all creatures, wer« necciTitated to maintain 

 the fouls of bi°utes to be divine, and, confequently, that they 

 had reafon. Among Chriftians, Latlantius, and tl;c whole 

 body of Manlchees and Gnollics, affert the fame. Can any 

 ptrfon, fays Lartautius (Inft. Div. 1. iii. c. lo.), deny that 

 brutes have reafon, when they often outwit man himlclf? 

 Pie allows evei-y thing to brutes which men have, except a 

 fenfe of religion. Some Sceptics have afcribed religion and 

 virtue to brutes ; and they fay that Solomon (Ecclef. iii. 

 18, 19) feems to afiure us, that the fouls of men have no 

 pre-eminence over thofe of brutes. Sextus Empiricus, in 

 particular (I'yrrhon, 1. i. c. IJ.), inftitutes a comparifcn be- 

 tween dogs and the human kind. The former excel the 

 latter as to fenfe ; they have a quicker fccnt, by which they 

 purine beads that are unfeen ; they difcover them fooner by 

 the eye, and their hearing is more acute. Accordingly it is 

 alleged, that a dog is not deditute of the faculty of reafon- 

 ing, from the famous indance mentioned by Chrytippiis, who 

 oblerved that a hound coming into a road which feparates 

 into three dircftior.s, makes choice of the third by virtue of 

 an induftion or fyllogifm ; becaufe, after having fccnted the 

 two ways by which the bead did not pafs, he runs draight 

 upon the third without fcenting it ; where the reafon is ob- 

 vious : the bead pafTed cither that way, or that way, or this 

 way ; but he paffed neither that way nor that way, and there- 

 fore this way. See Stanley's Hid. Philof. p. 780. That a 

 dog is poffeded of what they call internal reafon, appears, 

 from his choofing things convenient, flying the hurtful, pur- 

 fiiing his food, and running away from the whip ; and when 

 wounded or fick, afting prudently, as thecircumdanccs of hi» 

 cafe, and his abilities and opportunities diflate. It has alfo 

 been argued, though certainly with no great appearance of 

 reafon, that we owe the difcovery of many medicines, and 

 the invention of many arts, to brutes. Thus, it is faid, that 

 from the fpider man learned the art of weaving ; from the 

 fwallow he borrowed aichitefture ; from the goofe fwim- 

 ming, from fidi navigation ; from filk-worms fewing ; to 

 omit many other inftances of the like kind alleged by Plu- 

 tarch (De Solert. Animal. Op. torn. ii. p. 974.), Vollius 

 (De Orig. Idol. I. iii. c. 27.), and others. How many ac- 

 tions of brutes, it is faid, are to be oblerved, which cannot 

 be accounted for without the fidl piocedes of reafoning ? 

 If we fay, that dogs, by long habits and force of rewards and 

 piinidiment, may be taught many things, do not this docility, 

 and remembrance of blows, argue memoi-y, fear, and defire, 

 which cannot fubfid without knowledge, fenfe, pleafure, and 

 pain ? And if brutes have knowledge, it is allowed that they 

 mild alfo have judgment and reafon. The Cartcfians, on the 

 other hand, maintain that brutes aie mere machines, wholly 

 dcllitute not only of reafon and thought, but of every degree 

 of perception : and that they perform their various funftions 

 as mere " automata," excited to motion only by means of 

 animal fpirits, which aft upon the nerves and mufcles. This 

 extravagant and paradoxical opinion Des Cartes has been 

 fufpefted of borrowing from Gomez Pcreira, a Spanilh phy- 

 fician, who employed 3c years in compolinga treatife, which 

 he entitles " Antoniana Margarita," from the Chridian 

 names of his father and mother, publidied in 1514; but it 

 is more probable, that it was a conclufion originally deduced 

 from his notion of the animal fpirits in the economy of human 

 nature. Plowever this be, the notion was revived by Des 

 Cartes, and further aiferted by Le Grand, d'Armafon, and 

 others of his followers, who were led to adopt this doclrine 



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