BUD 



tions, before the fcalw fall, and the parts contained in the 

 bud arc unfolded. The Imrr is fuppolcd to anfwer two very 

 important purpofcs ; with refpcil to the bud, the lirll is to 

 fupply the place of the leaves, by coUcAiiig a greater por- 

 tion of the fap around the root of the bud, and thus lup- 

 portiiig it during its hybernation, and yielding, during the 

 fcafon''of interrupted vegetation, a degree of provifional 

 nouriftimcnt to the embryo branch or flower, whicli is necef- 

 fary for the frcrel devclopement they are known to expe- 

 rience. The other ufe of the burr appears to be to feparate 

 the fcales of the bud from each othtr previous to the ex- 

 panfion of the (hoot ; this is accompli(h(.d by the enlarge- 

 ment of the burr on the return of fpring. It is evident, 

 the flightcft feparatlon of the fcales, at their origin, ir.uft 

 caufe a confiderablc one of their unattached edges ; without 

 the alTiHance d.-rivid from the growth of the burr, it fecms 

 quite impofTible that the tender plurr.ule of the branch or 

 the embryo fljw'cr (hould ever be able to force afunder the 

 hard and unyielding feales that encafe them, more cfpecially 

 in thofe inihnces where the feales are agglutinated to each 

 other by the gum-refinous matter. 



In fome experiments which were undertaken by Senebiei" 

 ■upon the buds of the chcfnul, applt, and pfar trees, he found, 

 thalbydeprivingtheflower-budsof their feales andlittle leaves, 

 he did not intermpt the evolution of the flower, nor prevent 

 their going on to produce fruits. Senebier accounts for the 

 flowers furviving the privation of their feales, by fuppofing 

 that the burr in fome degree might fupply their place. 



The mod extraordinary ciicumftances in the hiftorj' of 

 buds, are the cor.verfion of flower-buds inta wood-buds, and 

 that of wood-buds into flower-buds. The former is related 

 as being efl^tCted by Mariotte in this manner : he depiived, 

 in the latter part of the month of Auguft, a rofe-tree of its 

 branches and all its leaves, and fuffered to remain only the 

 buds, which ought to produce flowers the eiifuing fpring ; 

 thefe buds continued to grow, but when the period of their 

 devclopement arrived, inllead of furnilhing flowers they put 

 forth leaves and branches. 



The convcrfion of the wood-buds into thofe bearing fruit 

 is accomplilhcd by a variety of means, praiStifed by common 

 gardeners. Thus, if the upper part of a branch be cut away, 

 the buds near the extremity of the remaining ftem, from ac- 

 quiring a greater proportional fupply of nutriment, will pro- 

 duce leaves and wood, which might otherwife have been 

 flowering-buds ; and, on the contrary, if a vigorous branch 

 of a wall-tree; which was txpefttd to bear only leaf-buds, be 

 bent down to the horizon, or lovvtr, it will bear flower-buds, 

 with weaker It-af-buds. On this circumftance chiefly depends 

 the management of wall-fruit trees, and of cfpaliers. For the 

 purpofe of converting leaf-buds into flowerbuds it has been 

 alfo recommended to bind fome of the mofl; vigorous flioots 

 with flrong wire, and even fome of the large roots. Some 

 gardeners fcore the bark in a fpiral direction, or cut off an 

 entire cylinder of the bark, three or four inches long, and 

 replace it with a proper bandage. 



The bud appears to fulfil ntarly the fame purpofes in the 

 vegetable economy as the fttd. It contains the embryo of 

 the branch or of the flower, and fliiclds it from the operation 

 of the air, the light, and moiflure, and the viciflTiiudes of tem- 

 perature until it is enabled to withftand thtfc influences Ly 

 a full cxercife of the functions of vegetalde life. By this 

 means the ii-ternal parts of the bud are capable of gradually, 

 though invifibly, developing themfelves, like the plautule of 

 the feed, independently of the vegetable from which they have 

 jlrawn their exigence. The bud alfo, like the grain, admits of 

 removal from its original connexions ; of having its adions 

 fufpended for an indefinite peiiod, and afterwards of having 



BUD 



them renewed at pleafurc ; of deriving, by tranfplautation or 

 engrafting, its fuftenance from dilTerent fources ; and, laftly, 

 on being laid in the earth, of producing an interior plant in a 

 finiilar manner as the feed, when placed in the fame circum- 

 (lanccs. As the feeds arc the oviparous progeny of vege- 

 tables, the buds may be confidered as the viviparous oR"spring. 

 Tiiey appear to differ chiefly in this circumllance, that the 

 feeds always refiilt from a fcxual congrefs, and partake of the 

 properties of both parents ; whereas the buds proceed di- 

 reilly from one parent, to which their produdtions after- 

 wards bear a perf^ft refemblaucc. 



Bt;D is ufed, in Country Language, for a weaned calf of 

 the firft year ; fo called, becaiife the horns are then in the 

 bud. 



BUDA, in Gengraphy, called by the Germans OJfcn, the 

 ancient metropolis of Hungary, is leated on an eminence 

 on the wefl: fide of the Danube, and is connefted with 

 Pefl:h, fituate on the oppofite fide of the river, by a bridge 

 of boats about |ths of a mile in length, and confifting of 6j 

 large pontoons. The old city is feattd on a plain extending 

 itfelf from the fuburbs of New Buda to the fpace that lies 

 between the Pilis m(Hintairi3 and the Danube, and was 

 formerly called " Sicambria." But this is now a wretched 

 place, and affords nothing remarkable befidcs the ruins of an 

 old aqucduft, built either by the Rbmans or Hungarians. A 

 wide fubteraneous paffage has been difcovered, with which 

 tlie Turks feem to have been well acquainted, and which 

 leads from this place to the citadel of Buda. New Buda is 

 a royal free town. It was formerly the capital of the king- 

 dom ; and, in its conneftion with Ptfth, the largeft ar:d fmeft 

 of all the Hungarian towns, and tlie refidcnce of the kings. 

 The houfes are moftly conftruftcd of fq'iare ftone ; but fince 

 the Turks took poffeffion of it, they fuffered the finell build- 

 ings to fink into decay. The lower part of the city, called 

 the " Jews town," extends like fuburbs from the upper 

 city to the Danube. The hi^lier town occupies the accli- 

 vity of a mountain, and is fortified with walls and towers. 

 The caftle, feated on an eminence towards the eaft fide, com- 

 mands the greateft part of it, is cncompaffed by a deep 

 moat, and is defended by an old-fa(hiontd tower, to which 

 fome new fortifications have been added. One fuburb is 

 enclofcd with hedges. The mod fumptuous of its prefent 

 fl:ru£tures are the caravanferas, mofques, bridges, and baths. 

 The chief public and private buildings are in Pefth, and 

 within the fortrefs ; the royal palace in particular is a large 

 and ftate'y edifice. The form of Pefth is quadrangular ; and 

 it has.befides the royal palace, a military- hofpital, with feveral 

 churches and convents. At a little dift:;nce from it is a field, 

 in which many diets have been held, and where the flates of 

 Hungary formerly met on horfcback, and in arms, to eledl 

 their king. Among the decayed buildings of Buda, the 

 church of the Afcenfion of the Virgin Mary is the principal, 

 near which the Jefuits have an academical college and femi- 

 nary. The Carmelite nuns have a convent, and the Fran- 

 cifcans have churches. Both Catholics and Calvinifts are 

 allowed the free exercife of their rehgion ; and the Jews 

 have a fynagogue near the caftle garden. But the mod 

 famous edifices of Buda are its baths ; of which there are 

 two furts, the upper or Trinity baths, and thofe of Mufta- 

 pha. who was governor of the place, and built them with 

 ftone, covering them with lead. Some of thefe waters are 

 of fuch moderate temperature, that they may be ufed in 

 their natural ftate either for drinking or bathing ; but others 

 are fo hot, that they muft be mixed with cold water, or 

 conveyed to cool in other baths, before they can be ufed. 

 The adjacent country is fertile, though not well cultivated ; 

 and affords good red wine and excellent melons. 



Thi» 



