hoil rot been dilcovercd by any of the ancieBt-, and which 

 is fuMeA to periodical changes. Morcn. Maitip. 



BlfLLIG, in Gc3^r.7/i/".', a rocky (hoal in the Atlantic 

 near the well coatl ol 'li;-hnd ; it is abont half a mile S. of 

 Carrikela ifland near Gulin head, in the county of GaKvay. 

 \V. Ion. 9° 47". N. lat. ^,3° > ^'- . ^ 



BULLIMONY, or Bollimonc, denotes a mixture ol 

 feveral forts of grain, as oats, peafe, and vetches, called alCo 

 ma/Jin, or nwng-corn. 



BULLINGF.R, Henry, in Biography, a Svvifs re- 

 former, was born in 1504 at Bremgarten, on the borders of 

 the canton of Zurich ; and educated at Emmeiick in the 

 duchy of Cleves, whither he was fent by his father at the 

 age of 12 years, and where he was fupported for three years 

 by the alms he procured for finging from door to door, 

 jiaviu'' been accnllomed to the mortification and liardlhips 

 attendant on this mode of fubfiftence, he entertainwl thoughts 

 ■ of entering among the Carthulians. Cut diverted from this 

 refolution bv the admoniLions of his elder brother, he re- 

 Biovcd to Cologn at the age of 1 5 years, and devoted him- 

 fclf to the ftudy of the fehool-philofopliy, and of claffical 

 literature. About this time his attention was directed to 

 the writings of Melandliou, and other reformers, the peru- 

 fal of which produced a diflike of the doftrines of the 

 Ro.iiilh church, though he did not yet feparate from it. 

 Having finidicd liis iUidics at Cologn in 132;, he returned 

 to his father's houfe, and in the following year he was in- 

 vitcd by the abbot of I.a Chapelle, near Zurich, to be a 

 teacher in his convent, into which the reformation of Zuin- 

 glius was introduced in 1J26, principally by his inftruftion. 

 Attachincr himfelt to this reformer, he accompanied him to 

 the conference held at Berne in 1J28; and he afterwards 

 fettled as reformed pallor at his native place. In 1531, 

 after the viAory obtained by the catholic cantons over the 

 proteftants, he was obliged to retire to Zurich, where he 

 fucceeded Zuiiiolius, who had loft his life in the battle. In 

 this fituation he applied with afhduity to his minillerial 

 labours and his ftndies, and edified his church by his writings 

 as well as by his fermons. When Bucer attempted to re- 

 concile the Lutherans and Zuinglians, by introducing a 

 kind of middle doftrine with regard to the eucharill, he 

 counterafted his efforts ; and he was appointed by the Swifs 

 churches in 1545 to reply to the harlh cenfures, which were 

 publifhed by Luther agaiuft their doftrine refpctling the 

 iacrament. In 1 1549 he concurred with Calvin in drawing 

 up a formulary, expreffing the conformity of belief which 

 fuhfilled between the churches of Zurich and Geneva, and 

 intended, on the part of- Calvin, for obviating any fufpicions 

 that he inclined to the opinion of Luther with refpeft to 

 the facrament. In the fame year he urged many reafons 

 againfl: renewing the fublidiary treaty between the protef- 

 tant S'.vifs and Henry II. king of France, and by his in- 

 fiuer.cc the propofal for this purpofe was rejected. Among 

 other arguments, he urged upon their conlideration, " that 

 it was not lawful for perfons to hire them.felves, in order to 

 kill thofe who had done them no wrong ;" a pofition, 

 which, however confonant to the principles and fpirit of 

 chriftianity, many profeffed believers have too frequently dif- 

 regarded. BuUinger afforded kind afGftance to the Englifh 

 divines who fled into Swifferland from the pcrfecution of 

 queen Mary ; and he drew up a confutation of the pope's 

 bull that excommunicated queen EUzabeth, which has been 

 trai dated into Enghfh. He alfo perfuaded the magiftrates 

 of Zurich to ere6t a new college in 1538 ; and he prevailed 

 irith them to ellabljfh a fchool, on the fcite of an old nun- 

 nery, in which 15 youths were taught and maintained, free 

 ai expence. la 15 ji he wrote a book, the purport of 



B II L 



which was to (hew, that the council of Trent had no other 

 dtfign than to opprefs the profeffors of found religion ; and, 

 therefore, that the cantons fliould pay no regard to the invi- 

 tations of the pope, which folicited their lending deputies 

 to that counciL In i 561 he commenced a controverfy with 

 Brcntius concerning the ubiquity of the body of Chrill, 

 zealoully maintained by the one, and as vehemently oppofed 

 by Bullinger, which continued till his death, that liappen-.d 

 on the 17th of September, 157 j. Befides a great number 

 of printed works, amounting to ten volumes, he leit fevural 

 pieces in nianufcript. Although BuUinger had been once 

 married, and had eleven children, he was blamed for not 

 taking another wife, when he became a widower at the age 

 of fixty ; fuch was the importance annexed by the iirfl re- 

 formers to the connubial ftate, efpecially with regard to 

 miniliers, as it afforded a manifcfl proof of their renuncia- 

 tion of popery. Gen. Diet. 



BULLION, denotes gold or filver in the mafs or billet, 

 tefore it is coined. 9 Ed. III. ft. ii. c. 2. 



The word is apparently formed from the French billon, a 

 mafs of go'.d or iilver below ftandard, which Du-Cangc de- 

 rives farther from bdla, as being aurum aut argcntum in 

 mq/fam feu b'lllam, i. e. baculum conjlatum. 



The term is applied to thefe metals, either when fmelted 

 from the ore, and not perfeftly refined, or when fo refined, 

 and melted down in bars, or ingots, or any unwrought body 

 of a certain degree of finenefs. In order to render gold and 

 filver fit forufe, it is ncceflary to reduce and harden them by 

 an alloy of fome bafer metal : and the quantity of this alloy 

 is afcertained by the legiflative regulations of different coun- 

 tries, fo that the proportion of the one to the other may 

 conftitute the ftandard filver of fuch countries. Accord- 

 ing to the laws of England all forts of wrought plate Ihuuld 

 be made in conformity to the legal ftandard : and the prices 

 of ftandard gold and filver, regulate the value of the bul- 

 lion, confifting of ingots, bars, duft, or foreign fpecie ; con- 

 fequenlly, in order to afccrtain the value of bullion, it is firft 

 affayed. See Assay. Sec alfo Gold and Silver. 

 Sdver bullion is fometimes alfo denominated plate. 

 Silver and gold, whether coined or uncoined (though ufed 

 for a common meafure of other things), are no lefs a com- 

 modity than wine, tobacco, or cloth ; and may, in many 

 cafes, be exported as much to national advantage as any 

 other commodity. 



In all great commercial countries a good deal of bullion 

 is alternately imported and exported for the purpofes of fo- 

 reign trade. This bullion, as it circulates among fuch coun- 

 tries in the fame manner as the national coin circulates in 

 every particular country, may be confidered as the money 

 of the great mercantile republic. Whilft the national coin 

 receives its movement and diredtion from the commodities cir- 

 culated within the preciniSts of each particular countr)-, 

 the money of the mercantile republic derives its mo\ements 

 from thofe that are circulated between different countries. 

 Both are employed in facilitating exchanges, the one between 

 different individuals of the fame, the other between thofe of 

 different nations. However, the importation of gold and 

 filver is not the principal, much lefs the fole benefit which a 

 nation derives from its foreign trade. It is, indeed, part of 

 the bufinefs of foreign commerce to fupply countries which 

 have no mines with the gold and filver that are wanted in 

 them : but this is, comparatively, a very infignificant object ; 

 nor is it by the importation of gold and filvtr, that the dif. 

 covery of America has enriched Europe. But by opening 

 a new and inexhauftible market to all the commodities of 

 Europe, it gave occafion to new divifions of labour and 

 improvements of art, which, in the narrow circle of the an. 



cient 



