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cient commerce, could never have taken place for want of a 

 market to take off the greater part of tlitir produce. 



Gold and filver, according to Mr. Locke, are llie mod 

 folid and iiibflantial part of tlie moveable wealtli of a nation ; 

 and to mnltiply thefe metals llionld, he thinks, on that ac- 

 count, be th- great objcil of its political economy. Conn- 

 tries that have political connet^ions with foreign nations, 

 and that are obliged to carry on foreign wars, and to main- 

 tain fleets and armies in dillant countries, and to fnbfidi/e 

 foreign princes, are under a neceffity of fending money in 

 fome form or other, abroad ; and therefore it has been faid, 

 tliat in time of peace it fhonld endeavour to accumulate gold 

 and fdver, that when occafion requires, it may pofftfs the 

 means of carrying on foreign wars. Upon thefe popular 

 jjrinciples, all the difl'erent nations of Europe have ihidied, 

 tliough to httle purpofe, every poffible means of accumulat- 

 ing gold and filver in their refpcdive countries. Spain and 

 Purtngal, the proprietors of the principal mines which fup- 

 v\y Europe with thofe metals, liave either prohibited the 

 exportation of them under the fevcrcft penalties, orfubjefted 

 it to a confiderable duty. The like prohibition leems an- 

 cieiitly to have made a part of the policy of moll other 

 European nations. But when thofe countries became com- 

 ;nercial, the merchants found this prohibition extremely in- 

 convenient, and reniunftrated agairll it, as hurtful to trade. 

 I'hey reprefented, fi;ft, tiiat the exportation of gohi and 

 iilver. in order to purchafe foreign goods, did not always 

 diminifh the quantity of tliofe metals in the kingdom, but 

 might frequently increafe that quantity; becaufc thefe fo- 

 reign goods, if not conlumed in the country, might be re- 

 exported, and fold in foreign countries for a profit, which 

 would bring back vv-ith increafe the treafure originally fent 

 out for the purchafe of them. They, moreover, reprefented 

 tliat this prohibition could not hinder the exportation of 

 gold and filver, which, on account of the fmallnefs of their 

 bulk in proportion to their value, could eafily be fmnggled 

 abroad. Thefe arguments produced the wilhed-for eff.-tt ; 

 and the prohibition of exporting gold and filver was ref- 

 trifted in France and England to the coin of thefe refpcflive 

 countries. The exportation of foreign coin and bullion was 

 made free, and the firll law for this purpofe in England was 

 paflcd in i66j. In Holland, and in fome other places, this 

 'iberty was extended even to the coin of the country. A coun- 

 try that has no mines of its own, mull undoubtedly draw its 

 gold and filver from foreign countries ; and, on account of 

 their fmall bulk and great value, they are as eafily tranfported 

 as obtained. When the quantity of gold and filver im- 

 ported into any country exceeds the effeftual demand, no 

 vigilance of government can prevent their exportation. All 

 the fanguinary laws of Spain and Portugal are not fufficient 

 for keeping their gold and illver at home. As they are 

 eafily tranfported from places where they abound, to thofe 

 where they are wanted, their price does not admit of the 

 fame fluftuation with that of many other commodities, that 

 are not fo conveniently and fpeedily removed. The changes 

 which take place in their value are generally (low, gradual, 

 and uniform. 



Inftcad-of accumulating gold and filver, with a view to the' 

 augmentation of the real wealth of the country. Dr. Adam 

 Smith (Wealth of Nations, vol. ii. p. 157.) recommends 

 their being confidered, under whatever form they exift, as 

 utenfils ; and increafing the ufe for them, by increafing the 

 coufumable commodities, which are to be circulated, managed, 

 and prepared by means of them, as the mod effectual and 

 moll certain method of increafing their quantity, which will 

 ever keep pace with the ufe to which they are applied ; and 

 beyond this, no law can ever prevent their being immediately 



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fent out of the country. He adds, that it is not always neceC 

 fary to accumulate gold and filver, in order to enable a country 

 to carry on foreign wars, and to maintain fleets and armies iit 

 dillant countries. Elects and armies are maintained, not with 

 gold and filver, but with confumable goods : and the nation, 

 which, from the annual produce of its domellic indullry, 

 from the annual revenue arifing out of its lands, labour, and 

 confumable llock, has wherewithal to purchafe thofe con- 

 fumuble goods in dillant countries, can maintain foreign wars 

 there. See Coin and Money. 



Bullion is alfo ufcd for the place where the king's cx- 

 cliange is kept : or where gold and filver are brought in the 

 lump to be tried or exchanged. 



BULLIT's Lick, in Cography, a falt-fpring lying in 

 Salt river, in Kentucky, America, and giving name to the 

 river. It is diftant 20 miles from the rapids of the Ohio, 

 near Saltfburgh, and is the fined fpring that was worked in • 

 the county. 



BULLOCH-MORE, a rocky flioal, about a quarter of 

 a mile long from eatt to weft, which lies above a mile W. 

 of St. John's point, in the mouth of Killibeg's harbour in 

 the vvell of Ireland : the Itall water in it is fix feet. 

 MKcn/.ie. 



BULI^OCK, in Rural Economy, the male of the cattle 

 kind of animals, after being caftr.ited. It is the fame with 

 ox. Animals of this kind are generally termed bullocks 

 from two to five, fix, or more years old. 



The author of the " Synopfis of Hufbandry" has ob- 

 ferved, tliat in bullocks " a fiiooth coat and healthy coun- 

 tenance are proofs of their kindly difpofition, and that they 

 will not deceive the buyer in the future progrcfs ; whereas, 

 a drooping countenance, a lank belly, and a ftaring coat, 

 may be confidered as unfavourable circumltances, and cer- 

 tain indubitable figns, either that fuch beafts are unhealthy, 

 or by nature unthrifty and unprofitable." Belides thefe, 

 much depends on the form and conftruftion of the animal: 

 " a clofe well-fet bnllock, with a large dewlap, llout legs, 

 deep cheft, broad buttocks, and thick flank, will rarely de- 

 ceive the purchafer ; whereas thofe of a contrary (liape, 

 loole-jointcd, long-legged, with a prominent back-bone, 

 great length of body, fliarp buttocks, and a belly tucked 

 up, though to appearance larger than the firft. mentioned, 

 are not likely to pay fo well for their meat, and will be found 

 much lighter in the fcale from thefe dcfefts." 



Eattening bullocks, it is obferved, " require to be fod- 

 dered with hay in the fe verity of the winter months, and for 

 this feafon it is always a prudent mcafure, where it can 

 be done, to lay in for mowing a certain portion of marfh or 

 other good grafs land, that there may be no want of fodder 

 in the winter and fpring of the year ; for it is in March and 

 Apiil, if thofe months turn out to be unpropitious, that 

 ftock of every kind is more apt to fuffer than in the depth 

 of winter ; and when young bullocks become much reduced 

 in fle(h at that feafon, it is a very difficult t.iflc to raife tl.em, 

 and they will continue during the procefs of their fattening, 

 to betray marks of the check they met with in their youth, 

 fo as never to arrive at the weight when fattened, that they 

 would have done if they had not been fuffered to pitch in 

 the early ftagc of their life." 



Good water is likcwife a very eflential requifite in feeding 

 horned cattle ; and fuch graziers will never find their account 

 in fetting about this bufinefs, whofe grounds do not abound 

 with a continual and plentiful fuppiy of it ; nor will the 

 beads thrive on dry lands, though the grafs fhonld be in the 

 largeft abundance, for bullocks require a large quantity of 

 water to dilute their victuals, and delight in ilie fuminer time 

 to chew the cud in pools or rivulets, where they may enjoy a 

 6 cool 



