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give too large a quantity at one time ; and if any of the laft 

 ferving (houid cafually remain in the troiiglis when the bait- 

 ing time comes round, thcfc muft be removed for a frc(h 

 fupply. The hay too, which is allowed to thefe bealls, 

 either when fed with turnips, or on oil-cake, fhould be the 

 fweeteft that can be got, and be apportioned out to them 

 in fmall quantities. Turnips arc more palatable, and likcwife 

 more nutritious, when given to the bcafts drawn frefli out 

 of the field ; but to guard againft the contingency of a 

 froft, or of incelfant rains, the firft of which would render 

 this bufniefs imptadicable, and the other inconvenient ; it 

 feems a very judicious method to provide a Hock of turnips 

 in dry open weather, that they may be in readinefs at tliofe 

 times when they cannot be procured frefli carted out of the 

 field. Thefe, when divelled of tlieir leaves and top roots, 

 and cleanfed from dirt, may be piled up in a covered flird, 

 where no moiilurecan penetrate, and, in this manner, main- 

 tain their goodnefs for fome length of time. 



When bullocks are at firft fliut up to fatten on turnips, 

 care (hould be taken that this food be given in moderation, 

 and with a proper allowance of hay ; otherwife, the fvveet- 

 nefs of the turnip may tempt the beaft to feed fo vora- 

 cioufly, as to occafion too great a fullnefs in the maw, 

 which is called ho-ving, or lloixjing, an accident which fre- 

 quently happens to ruminant animals, when taken from dry 

 meat or natural grafs to turnips, clover, or other fucculent 

 forts of food. See Hoten. 



Sometimes accidents happen to bullocks, when feeding 

 on turnips, from pieces flipping into the throat and (licking 

 there. To prevent fuffocation, which would frequently be 

 the confequence in fuch cafes, the outfide of the gullet 

 fliould be rubbed down with a Hick in order to force the 

 piece down into the ftomach ; or, fliould that fail, a turned 

 Hick, or piece of cane formed fo as to make a kind of pro- 

 bang may be introduced into the throat, and the turnip by 

 that means be removed. See Stall-feeding. 



By fome, the black, red, and brindled bullocks are con- 

 fidered as mod hardy, and better difpofed to fatten than 

 thofe of other colours. See Cattle and Live stock. 



Bullock's eye, in Arch'iteSure. See Eye. 



BuLLOCKyZif(/f, in Rural Economy, the houfes in which 

 bullocks are kept while feeding. In the conftruclion of thefe 

 buildings, attention fliould always be had to their being well 

 aired, to the facihty of feeding and cleaning the animals in 

 them, and to their being kept dry and clean by their hav- 

 ing fuitable drains and conveniences for urine and dung. In 

 the rural economy of Norfolk, Mr. Mardiall remarks, that 

 a bullock-houfe there, confifts of a centre building, thirty- 

 fix feet lon;^, nineteen feet wide, and about eleven feet high 

 to the eaves, with a pair of wide folding doors at each end, 

 and a lean-to on each fide, the whole length of the build- 

 ing, and eleven feet wide. The centre buildmg is the tur- 

 nip-houfe; the lean-toes, flieds for the bullocks, which ftand 

 with their heads toward, or rather in the turnip-honfe, from 

 which they are parted by a range of mangers only ; having 

 the full freedom of breathing in its fpacious area. By open- 

 ing the doors at each end, a fnfficient degree of air and 

 coolnefs may be given in clofe weather, while, behind, the 

 eaves of the flieds are brought down to within five feet of 

 the ground, and are boarded with rough boards, ejicept 

 an opening at each ei'd for the bullocks to creep in at, to 

 prevent too great a coldnefs in fevere weather, thus preferv. 

 ing a due temperature. The flied of thefe dimenfions, 

 thus conftrufted, holds twenty bullocks, ten on each fide, 

 faftened by the neck, with chains, fwivels and rings playing 

 freely upon pofts feven feet high. At each comer of the tur- 



Vol. V. 



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nip-ho'.:re, is a triangular bin for containing the topped and 

 tailed turnips, or other provifions. 



In autumn, it is farther obfcrved, the entire building is 

 fometimes ufed as a temporary barn for buck-wheat, ptas, 

 &c. and in fummer the centre part is an excellent waggon, 

 ftitd : had the doors been made a foot and a half highn, it 

 is fuggclled that it would have been an admirable rvluge for 

 loads of com or hay in a fliowery harvcft. The main build- 

 ing is covered with reed, tlie lean-toes with tiles. And in 

 the rural economy of Gloucefterfliire, the fame writer re- 

 marks, that each bullock has a houfo and a yard to himfelf, 

 in which he goes loofe, occupying them by turns, as appe- 

 tite or amufemcnt direfts him, having a manger and a drink- 

 jnp trough to go to at plcafure ; of courfe, he eats when he 

 is hungry, and drink,; wlun he is thirlly. He is alfoat liberty to 

 rub or to lick himfelf, as well as to keep his body in a proper 

 degree of temperature as to heat and cold. Theory, fays Mr. 

 Marfnall, could not readily fuggeft more rational principles. 

 Tlie conllrudlion of thefe, however, vaiies in the minu- 

 tia. The water trough, for inftance, is fometimes placed 

 by the manger in the hovel or flied, fometimes in the open 

 pen. Other lefs noticeable variations may likewife be fccn 

 in different buildings. But the plan and dmieiifions, which 

 at prefcnt feem to Itand higheft in eftecm, and on which fe- 

 veral ereiftions of this nature have been made within the laft fif- 

 teen or twenty years, are the following : 'I'he building fifteen 

 to fifteen feet and a half wide within, and of a length propor- 

 tioned to the number of ftalls required : the height of the 

 plates five feet to fix feet four inches, fupported on the fide 

 to the north or eaft by clofe wailing : on that to the fouth 

 or welt by pofts, fet on ftone pedeftals : the gables walling : 

 the covenng plain tiles on a fingle pitch-roof: againft the 

 back wall is a gang way, three and a half to four feet wide, 

 formed by a length of mangers, three feet to three and a 

 half feet wide, from out to out, at the top narrowing to about 

 fifteen inches within at the bottom : the perpendicular depth 

 fourteen or fifteen inches ; the height of the top rail from 

 the ground, about two feet nine inches : the materiali two 

 inch plank, ftayed and fupported by pofts and crofs 

 pieces, and ftiffened by ftrong top-rails : the dimenfions 

 of the area of the covered ftalls, about eight feet three 

 inches fquare j of the open pens the fame. The partitions 

 between the ftalls are of broad nails, paffing from the 

 outer pillars to fimilar pofts, rifing on the inner or ftall 

 fide ot the manger, and fteadied at the top by (lender 

 beams, reaching acrofs the building, each (lall, or each 

 partition, having a beam and a pair of principals. The par- 

 titions of the pens are gates, reaching from the pillars to 

 the boundary wall ; and likewife from pillar to pillar. AVheu 

 they are fixed in that fituation, each bullock has his ftall 

 and his little yard. When in this, each is fliut up in his 

 ftall, the yards form a lane, or driftway, for taking in or 

 turning out any individual. The boundai^ wall of the pens 

 is about four feet high, coped with blocks of copper-drofs. 

 On the outer fide of it is a receptacle of manure ; on the in- 

 ner, a range of water troughs, with a channel of communi- 

 cation for the convcnicncy of filling them. The materialt 

 of the troughs, are ftone ; of the channel, gutter-bricks, co- 

 vered with flabs. Thefe ftone troughs, which are about 

 fourteen inches by two feet fix inches within, have a conve- 

 niency in their conftruftion, which is entitled to notice ; in- 

 ftead of the fides and ends being all of them pecked down 

 to an angle, fquare with the bottom, one of the ends is left 

 bevelling, floping, making a very obtufe angle with the bot- . 

 tom. This fimple vaaation renders them eafy to be cleaned, 

 either \vith the (hovel or the broom. 



jU The 



