BUR 



riiArift of Moulin'. The town contains I-.U-' »nd the 

 canton lc,l04 in!;nbit»nts : the territory includes 342^ kilio- 

 Ilirtre<, aniA 10 communes. 



UU ROE-M AS'l'KR of Greenland, in OmUkolo^y. See 

 Prockllaria Glacialis. The fame name is piven by 

 Ri*V to the wajjil gull, lams nxv'tus ; it is alfo cwUcd Bvirgo- 

 tnailer, and liurgermcilK-r. In Mirtiu's Spit7.b. Larut 

 g/.iueu'.lh.: Rlaucoits Rull, is terme.l Uurgermeiller. 



lU'RGlilN, m Gco^niphy, a toi'n of li;rypt, on the 

 \n<<\ fide of the Kile; 17 miles N. of Achmounain. 



BURGEL, a town of Girmany, in the circle of Upper 

 Saxony, and mar;;raviate of Mcilicn, feated on the Sala ; 

 6 miles S. E. of Uornburjr. 



Bi'RCEL, Bir^e!, or Miul-Burr;el, a very ancient town of 

 Germany, in the circle of Franconia, snd principality of 

 Culmhach, fented on a high mountain near the river ; 13 

 miles N. N.W. of Anfpach. 



BURGEO, a fmall idand near the fouth coaft of New- 

 foundland ; J2 leagues N.W. of Miquelon. N. lat. 47° 20'. 

 W. lone. 57" 5o'. 



BU RGEON, in Botany, as the term is uftd by Englifli gar- 

 deners, is only another name for a gem or bud. The French 

 botanilh dillmgullh three ftages of its growth, by three dif- 

 ferent names. At its firil appearance in fpring it is an eye, 

 <r/7; about the folllice it becomes a bud, ioulon, which con- 

 tinues to increafe during the autumn ; and in the following 

 fpring is a burgeon, bourgeon. 



BURGESS, an inhabitant of a borough or a walled 

 town, or one who poffcfles a tcncniert therein. In other 

 countries, burgefs and citizen are confounded together; but 

 with us they are dillinguiflitd. Stat. 5 R. II. c. 4. See 

 Borough. The word is a!fo applied to tlie magiftrates of 

 corporate towns. 



Anciently, burgefTes were held in great contempt, being 

 reputed fervile, bafe, and unfit for war ; fo tliat the gentry 

 were not allowed to intermarry in their families, or fight with 

 them ; but. in lieu thereof, were to appoint champions. A 

 burgefs's fon was reputed of age wlien he could dillinfily 

 count money, meafure cloth, &c. Spelm. Gloff. Glanvil. 

 lib. vii. cap. 9. 



Burgess, ting's, Burgenfis regis, was he who, though 

 rcfiding in another'sjurifdidtion, was exempt therefrc;m, ?.iid 

 only fubi^iil to the jurifdIiSion of the king, unlefs the lord 

 alio enjoyed royal jurifdiAion. 



In llatute 5 Rich. II. c. 4. where the fevtral clifTes of 

 pcrfons in the commonwealth are enumerated, we meet with 

 count, baron, banneret, chivaleer de couiitee, ciihein de citie, 

 and Lurgefs de boiirg. 



Burgess is now ordinarily ufed for the reprefentative of 

 a borough town in parliament. See Borough. 



Bnigelfes are fuppofed to reprefent the mercantile part or 

 trading intereft of the nation. They were formerly allowed, 

 by a rate ellablifhed in the reign ot Ediv. III. two fliillirgs 

 a dcy as wages. It is much to be regretted, that the mem- 

 bers for boroughs bear above a quadruple proportion to thofe 

 for counties. The Univerfities were, in general, not em- 

 powered to fend burgefTes to parliament ; though once, in 

 28 Edw. I. when a parliament was fummoncd to confidcr of 

 the king's right to Scotland, writs were ifTued, requiring 

 the Univerfity ot Oxford to fend up four or live, and that 

 of Cambridge two or three, of thi ir moil difcreet and learned 

 lawyers for that purpofe. But king James I. indulged them 

 with the permanent privilege of fending conllantly two of 

 their own body, tofeivefor thofe fludents, who, though 

 ufeful members of the community were neither concerned in 

 the landed nor the trading intercll; and to piottft in the legi- 

 flature the rights of the republic of letters. The right of 



BUR 



eleftion of burgeffcs depends on fevcral local charters and 

 culloms, \vhieli liave occafioned infinite difputes ; though, 

 by 2 Geo. II. c. 24. the right, for the future, (hall be al- 

 lowed according to the laft determination of the houfe of 

 commons concerning it : and by 3 Geo. III. c, 15. no free- 

 man, except fuL-h as claim by birth, fervitude, or marriage, 

 fhall be entitled to vote, unlefs he hath been admitted to his 

 freedom twelve calendar months before. No perfon is eligi- 

 ble as a burgefs, who hath not a clear eftate of 300I. a year. 

 Stat. 9 Ann. c. 7. See Parliamekt. 



BURG-Gfmunde, in Geography, a town of Germany, 

 in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and principality of Upper 

 Heffe ; 14 miles S. E. of Marburg. 



BURGGRAVE, properly denotes the hereditary gover- 

 nor of 3 caflle, or fortified town, chiefly in Germany. 



The word is compounded of loiirg, tonvn, and graj", or 

 grav:, count. 



The burggravcs were originally the fame with what we 

 otherwife call rajiellatis, or conihes cajicllani ; but their dignity 

 was confiderably advanced under Rudolph of HapPjurg ; 

 before this time they were ranked only as counts, and below 

 the princes, but under him bejran to be efteemed on a footing 

 with princes. In fome parts the dignity is much degenerated, 

 efpecially in the Palatinate. There were formerly, accord- 

 ing to I^eti, fifteen families who enjoyed the title of burg- 

 graves, thirteen of which are now extinft. But this is dif- 

 ferently reprefented by others. In Bohemia, the title 

 biirggrave is given to the chief officer, or to him that com- 

 mands in quality of ticeroy. In Prufna, the burggrave is 

 one of the four chief officers of the province. In Guelder- 

 land, the burggrave of Nimeguen is prefident of the dates of 

 the province. 



Burggrave, John-Philip, M. D. in Biography, prac- 

 tifcd phyfic fevtral years, firil at Darmftadt, and afterwards 

 at Frankfort, and was author of feveral interefting work-. 

 " Lihitina ovans Fatis Hvgisese, feu de Medicre Artis ccque 

 ac Medicorum prnscipuis Fatis," Frank. 1701, 8vo.; in which 

 he recounts the principal occurrences in the lives of the mofl 

 celebrated phyficians from the time of Hippocrates. This 

 was again printed in the year 170^1, with fome alterations, 

 under the title of " latrice Hominum Lethique Curinfa. De 

 Exidcntia Spiritnum neivoforum, eorumque vera Origine, 

 Ind'jle, Motu, Eifcdibus, 5cc. inCorporeHumano vivo," c?cc. 

 1725, 4to. Dr. Goelicke wrote an anfwer to this under 

 tiie title of " Spiritus Animalisex Foro Medico relegatus :" 

 which produced, from our author, " Spiritus Nervolus refli- 

 t'Jtus," 4to. 1729; fo this unmeaning controverfv ended. 

 His next work, which gave him much credit with his coun- 

 trymen, waj, " De Acre, Aqiiis, et Eocis Urbis Francofur- 

 tana: Commentatio," 175!, 8vo. He alfo publilhed an edi- 

 tion of "Herman Conringius, de Habitus Corporum Gcr- 

 manicorum Aiitiqui et Novi Caufis," with a commentary, 

 17-7, Svo. Eioy. Dift. Hiff. 



BURGH, James, an efteemed moral and political writer, 

 was born in 17 14, at Madderty, in Peithfliire, and educat- 

 ed at the Univerfity of St. Andrew's, witti a view to the 

 miniftry, which was his father's profeffion ; hut, obliged to 

 decline it on account of his health, he embarked in the linen 

 bufinefs, and loll his whole property. This misfortune re- 

 duced him to the ncCtfPity of feeking a fubfiftence in Lon- 

 don, where he was firil employed in correfting the prcfs and 

 making indexes, and afterwards as ufht-r in a fchool. \Vhilll 

 he occupied this fituation at Great Marlow, in the county 

 of Bucks, he publifhcd without his name, in 1745, a 

 pampldet entitled, " Britain's Remembrancer," wiiicii paffed 

 through five editions. In 1747 lie became mailer of an 

 academy, wiiich he remov.d from Stoke-Ncwington to New- 



ington- 



