BUT 



Di'iTCM of an a!Lti; w.;s the health or phice where die 

 fire was kimlUd. 



BUSin.GIN'O, in do^^intihy, a fittlonicnt of Siberia, 

 on the liidifiliJ.i ; 2S:S miles N. N. E. of Lal'ehivcrlk. 



liUSULUTZII, a dlllrict of Ruffia, in the provinco of 

 Oivnbur^rli a-d jrovcriir.iciil of Ufa, feated on the Samara, 

 near the river Ijiifiihik ; I7i miles S. W. of Ufa. 



1JU6ZA, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Brac- 

 law; 52 miles S.W. of Bracla.v. 



BUTCHER, a pcrfon wlio flaujjhters cattle for the life 

 of the table, or for fale. The method of flanghtcring cat- 

 tie by a feparatioii of tl.e fpinal marrow, is now ftici .i.fiiUy 

 pra£\iled ill many parts of the ivoild, and is much • eom- 

 me:)dcd on the ground of humanity, a^wtll as of expedition. 

 I-ord Soniervilfe in his work " On tlie Syllcm of the Board 

 of Agriculture," informs us, that with a view to the intro- 

 dudion of it into this kingdom, he made it his bufniefs, du- 

 ring his rtfidence in Portugal, to have a perfon inRrntted in 

 the life of the knife which is ufed for this purpofe with great 

 adioitnefs. He has given a plate exhibiting the mode of 

 operation, as well as the fizc and form of the knile with 

 which it is performed. The animal, in this mode of ilaugh- 

 terinof, is unnerved from head to foot at the firll touch of 

 the fpinal marrow : and the term of " laying down cattle," 

 which cxprcffcs the operation, befpeaks the mildntfs with 

 which it is executed. The peifon employed in this bufinefs 

 Las " laid" without being liead-lined, IJ oxen in a row, 

 with furprifing regularity and expedition, and their fall is 

 almoft inllantancous. Holding them only by the horn in 

 the left hand, and Handing in front of the animal, he pafTes 

 the knife ovtr its brow, through the vertebra: of the neck, 

 into the fpine. The method in that conr.lry of the carter 

 walking at the head of his oxen, when at work, may pro- 

 bably induce them to Hand more quietly than would other- 

 wife be the cafe. Should tliat be tlie fuel, cattle in this 

 country may be hcad-linid as ufual, and the operation would 

 then be as iafe as it is eafy. 



Among the ancient Romans there were three kinds of 

 eftrfhlilhed butchers ; viz. two colleges, or companies, com- 

 pofcd each of a certain number of citizens, whofe office was 

 to furnilTl the city with the neceffiry cattle, and to take care 

 of preparing and vending their fledi. One of tliefe commu- 

 nities was at firft contined to the providing of hogs, whence 

 they were called Juarii; and the other were charged with 

 cattle, efpecially oxen ; whence they were called pecuarii, 

 or boarii. Under each of thefe was a fubordinate clafs, 

 whofe office was to kill, prepare, &c. called lani, and fome- 

 timcs carnijices. BrUToniu:-, Modius, and others, mention 

 a pleafant way of felling meat, uftd for fome ages among this 

 people : the buyer was to (hut his eyes, and the feller to 

 hoid up fome of his fingers ; if the buyer gueffed aright, how 

 many it was the other held up, he was to fix the price ; if he 

 millook, the feller was to fix it. This cuflora was abolifh- 

 ed by Apronius, prcfeft of Rome ; who in lieu thereof in- 

 troduced the method of felling by weight. 



The Jews have their own butchers ; as they have a pecu- 

 liar n-cthod of fclluig and preparing their meat. The 

 exercife of this office has been confidered among them as 

 fingularly important, and requiring previous indruftion, 

 lor v/hieh, application has been fometimes made to a learned 

 rabbi, and for which, a formal licence has been thought 11c- 

 ctfTary. 



Some derive the term butcher from luccar'ms, of hicca, 

 moulh ; others from (?a9i/1>),-, ki'ihr of cattle. 



The French call a place frt apart cither for the flaughter 

 of cattle, or cxpofing their fle(h to fale, a butchery, Imiche- 

 rU. The Englilh diftinguiih, caUing the latter z JleJ1.>-Jlmm- 



B U T 



lie, or ixarht, the former a Jlaujljier-hoitfe. — Nero: built 

 a noble edifice of this kind at Rome : on which oceafioii 

 was llruck that medal, wiiofe reverfe is a building fnpport- 

 ed by columns, and entered by a perron of four lUps ; the 

 legend, mac. avg. s. c. Macellum Augiijli Senatus C'/iftilto. 



\.\\ London, the fiU'nifliing of the markets with butcher's 

 meat is cantoned into feveral offices. We have carcafsbut- 

 cliers, who kill the meat in great quantities, and fell it out 

 to another fott called retail butchers, difperftd in all ont- 

 parts, villages, and tov.-ns, near the city. There are befidcs, 

 covv-jobbers, or faleftnen, who buy and fell cattle, afting 

 betivecn the butchers and the breeders, or feeders. Some- 

 thing like this alfo obtains at Paris. 



The company of butchers was not incorporated until the 

 third year ot king James I. when they were made a corpo- 

 ration by the name of mafter, wardens, and commonalty of 

 the art and myftery of butchers ; yet the fraternity is an- 

 cient. Their arms are azure, two axes faltier-wife argent, 

 between three boars' heads couped, attired or, a boar's head 

 gules, between tv o garljes vert. See Company. 



Tliere are fome good laws made for the better regulation 

 of butchers, and for preventing the abufes committed by them. 



By flat. 2 and 3 Edw. VI. i >;. revived, continued, and 

 confirmed by flat. 22 and ?3 Car. H. c. 19. now expired, 

 butchers (and others) confplring to fell their viftuals at cer- 

 tain prices are liable to lol. penalty, or 20 days' imprifon- 

 ment, with merely bread and water, for the firll offence ; 

 20I. or the pillory, for the fecond offence; and 40I. or pil- 

 lory, and the lofs of an ear, and infamy, for the third of- 

 fence : the offence to be tried by the leffions or leet. By 

 flat. 4 Hen. VH. c. j. no butcher (hall flay any beafl with- 

 in any walled town, except Berwick and Cai-lifle, on pain of 

 forfeiting for every ox izd., for every cow or other beall Sd. 

 By the ordinance for bakers, butchers, &c. butchers felling 

 fvvine's flefli mealltd, or dead of the murrain, or that buy flefh 

 of jews, and fell the fame to Chrilliaus, for the firll time fliall 

 be grievoufly amerced, the fecond time fuffer the pillory, 

 the third time be imprlfoned and fined, and the fourth time 

 forfwear the town. 



By ftat. 3 C. I. c. I. butchers are not to kill or fell meat 

 on Sundays, on the penalty of forfeiting 6s. Sd., one third to 

 the informer, and two thirds to the poor. By i Jac. I. c. 

 22. and 9 Ann. c. 11. regulations are made as to the wa- 

 tering and gafliing of bides, and penalties annexed to the 

 violation of them ; and alfo to the felling of putixfied or rot- 

 ten hides ; and alfo by the faid flat. I Jac. I. no batcher 

 fhall be a tanner or currier. See Cattle, ForestallinGj 

 and Victuals. 



BuTCHER-Z'/n/, in Ornithology. See Lanius. 



BuTCHER'.f broom, in Botany. See Ruscus aculeatus. 



Butcher'j ijland, in Geography, a fmall ifland of the EafL 

 Indies, about two miles long and one broad, dillant about 

 three miles from Bombay, and deriving its name from the 

 cattle that are kept there for the ufe of that fettlement. It 

 has a fmall fort. 



BUTE, an ifland in the Frith of Clyde, fituated a little 

 to the weil of Renfrewfliii-e, and a little fouth of Argyle- 

 fhire. The name at Jilferent periods has been varioufly 

 written, as Bole, Both., Bathe, and Boote, and is denominated 

 Botis by the anonymous geographer of Ravenna. This 

 iOand was from " very early times part of the patrimony of 

 the Stuarts ; large poffcfTions of it were granted to fir John 

 Stuart, fon of Robert II., by bis beloved miftrefs Elizabeth 

 Moi-e ; and it has continued in the fame family to the prefent 

 f.me." Bute ifle occupies an area of ground meafuring on 

 an average r-bout i8 miles in length, by 4 in breadth, and 

 containing about 2o,ccc acres, and 4000 inhabitants. The 



2 northern 



