c ;e s 



LiiiTia:us as being of a (hining green, with black legs. This 

 is a common Eiuopeaii infed. 



C.-ESAR /lttgiij}a, in yinchiit Gcogmphy, a town of Hither 

 Spain, feated on'the river Iberus, formerly called Salduba, 

 and which afterwards became a colony. Augultiis gave it 

 to the veteran foldiei-s of his army, after the war of the Can- 

 tabri, whence it obtained its name, the epithet of immunis, 

 and the right of coining money ; now Sarci^cjfa. 



CjESAREA, a name given to feveral ancient cities. 

 There were two cities in Paleftine of this name, viz. 6V- 

 f.-.i-a-Pame or Cicfiirea-P h'llipp;, and Cirfarcn-Slratoiiis. The 

 former was built by Philip the tetrarch, fon of Htrod the 

 Great, and made the place of his relidence, as it was con- 

 veniently fituated between Itur^a and Trachonitis. Luke, 

 iii. I. He built it, fays Jofephus, (Antiq. 1. iS. c. -;. 1. 20. 

 c.S.) at Paneas, by the fprings of Jordan, and called it 

 Csfarea-Philippi, and Nerudiada in honour of Nero. It 

 was feated at the fprings of Jordan the I^efi, not far from 

 Libanus, in the Midland Phoenicia, fays Ptolemy, and was 

 a Decapolitan city called Ca:farea-Panias, or Snb-Panio, 

 from the name of the mountain Panius, mentioned by Jo- 

 fephus and Eufebius, under which it lies. It is mentioned 

 Matth.xvi. 13. Mark, viii. 27. and was firft called Lais or 

 Laftiem, Jodi. xviii. 7 ; and when fubdued by the Danites, 

 Dan, ib. v. 29. The latter, Ctefarea-Stratonis, or the 

 town of Strato, was the metropolis of Paleftine, after its 

 re-union to the Roman empire, and the feat of the Roman 

 proconfuL As it was a mart-town, with a very incommo- 

 dious haven, Herod the Great built on the fite of it a large 

 city, with many ftately marble buildings, a theatre of [lone, 

 a capacious amphitheatre, and an admirable haven, with 

 marble edilices and towers. Herod alfo conftruded, on an 

 eminence, a beautiful and magnificent temple of Auguftus, 

 and placed there acolofial ftatue of this prince, on the model 

 of the llatue of Jupiter Olympius ; and a ftatue of the city 

 of Rome, equal to that of Juno at Argos. Herod, accord- 

 ing to Jofephus, called the port Sebaile, and the city Cs- 

 farea, in honour of Csefar Auguftus, which he annexed to 

 the province of Syria. He alfo eftabliftied quinquennial 

 games, and diftributcd a great number of prizes at the firft 

 celebration of them, A.U.C. 743. The city was after- 

 wards given to Agrippa, the grandfon of Herod the Great, 

 by the emperor Claudius. Judaa and the city of Cacfarea 

 were re-united to the Roman empire, at the death of king 

 Agrippa, A.D. 44; nor were they fep?.r-ated till the inva- 

 ficn of the Arabs, in the 7th century. Cxfarea was fitu- 

 ated between Doron and Joppa, 35 miles from Jerufalem, 

 and was inhabited partly by the Jews, who had their fchoals 

 there, but chiefly by the Greeks or Syrians, betwixt whom 

 there were feuds concerning equal privileges ; fo that the 

 Csfareans killed a great number of Jews, when Floras was 

 procurator of Judcea. In this city Peter converted Cornelius 

 and his kinfmen. Afts, x. Here lived Philip the evan- 

 gclift, Atts, xxi. S ; and here Paul defended himfelf againft 

 the Jews, and their orator TertuUus. Afts, xxiv. 



CyTSARrA, in more ancient times called Mazaca, and af- 

 terwards Eufebia, and denominated Csfarea by Tiberius, in 

 honour of Auguftus, was the metropolis of Cappadocia, and 

 the refidence of its kings. It continued in a flourifliing 

 ftate under* the Greek emperors. When it was btfipged by 

 Sapor, king of Perfia, about A. D. 260, it was fuppofcd 

 to contain 400,000 inhabitants. At this time Demofthenes 

 commanded in the place ; and when the city was be- 

 trayed by the perfidy of a phyfician, he cut his way through 

 the Perfians, who had been ordered to exert their utmoft 

 diligence for taking him alive, whilft many of his fellow-eitr- 

 2en3 were involved in a general maftacre. Sapor is accrjfed 



c ^ s 



of treating his prifoners witir wanton and unrelenting cruelty. 

 Deep valhes were filled with the (lain ; and crowds of pri- 

 foners were driven to water like hearts, and many ptnflied 

 for want of food. Zonaras, 1. xii. p. 6^0. After the reign 

 of Hcratlius, when the empire was divided into different 

 military departments, Cappadocia, together with Caifarca, 

 its capital, which l.ad furi-cnder-ed to the Saracens, wai 

 comprized in the department of Armenia ; but it was, at 

 a period not afcertained in hiftory, ruined by an earthquake. 

 In the 13th century, it was rebuilt about J of a league 

 more to the north than the old city, by a fullan of the 

 Selgiorrcide race. It is now called Kaifavieh and Kefaiia, 

 and is a city of fume note. It is the ftage of all the caravans 

 of the eaft, which here difperfe themfcKes to their refpcc- 

 tive cities. The bazars ai-e handfome and well ftored, and the 

 inhabitants in a conliderable degree poliflicd. It was the fee 

 of St. Bafil, and its aichbifliop holds the firft rank among 

 the prelates who are under the patriarch of Conftanti- 

 nople. 



C.tsAREA, is alfo a town of Armenia Minor. — Alfo, a 

 town of Afia Minor, in Bithynia, accoi'ding to Ptolemy, 

 who places it between the river Rhyndacus and Mount 

 Olympus, near the fea. — Alfo, a large and famous town of 

 Africa, in Mauritania, which was formerly a r-oyal city, 

 and had a magnificent port on the Mediterranean. It gave 

 the appellation Csfarienfis to one of the diftrifts into 

 which Claudius divided Mauritania, and it was anciently cal- 

 led Jol. It was the refidence of king Juba, who enlarged 

 and embelliftied it, and called it Ca;farea in honour of Au- 

 guftus. Claudius made it a Roman colony. It has been 

 ruined for many ages. It was reduced to afhes A. D. 37.5, 

 by Firmus, who affumcd the title of king among the Moors, 

 but vvho was made to fubmit by Theodofius, fent to 

 Africa by Valenti.nian. When it was juft recovering it- 

 fclf, it fell under the power of the Vandals, who burnt 

 it. After the deftniflion of the Vandal government in Af- 

 rica, it remained in a tranquil ftate for more than a cen- 

 tury under the Greek emperors. This city was encom- 

 paffcd by mountains to the fouth, eaft, and weft, and Pro- 

 ccpius fays, that there was no accefs to it but by the 

 fea. According to Mela, it was fituated at the confluence 

 of the rivers Mrilucha and Ampfaga. Sanfon, and other 

 geographers, place Julia Casfaiea at Tnifs or Tennis ; but 

 Shaw, (Travels, Sec. p. 18.) adduces feveral arguments to 



pr-ove, that it is the prefent Shcrshell, which fee C<rfarea 



is alfo a name faid to have been formerly given to the 

 ifland of Jerfey, which fee. — Cafarea was alfo a town of 

 Italy, in Cifalpine Gaul, not far from Ravenna. 



CjESAREAN Section, in MiJivifery, an operation 

 by which a fcitus is extraded from the uterus of the mo- 

 ther, th-ough a wound, made for the pur-pofe, in the ab- 

 domen. The ter-m, cnefarean, is faid to be derived fiom the 

 operation " csfo matris uttro ;" and Pliny even deduces the 

 title of Ca^fai-, given to the Roman emperors, fiom one of 

 them having bsen brought into the world by means of it. 

 Whether this was the cafe, or not, it feems not improbable, 

 from the prevalence of the opinion, that the operation had 

 been performed prior to his time, although no account of 

 it is to be found in the works of Hippocrates, Celfue, 

 Pauhis jEgineta, or Albucans, v,\\o all of thtm treat 

 lai-gely on the mode of affifting in ditlicult parturition. 

 The only method recommended by thefe v\ riters, 'for ex. 

 trading the foetus when it was too large to pafs entire by 

 the natural paflage, was to diiniiiiflr its bulk with fcalpelj 

 or other cutting inftruments, and then to draw it aviar 

 with hooks, or crotcliets ; a method, in fad, which is now 

 followed, but with inftruments mure artificially conftruded, 

 4 T 2 ,„j 



