C JET 



C A F 



witli on< or Iwo teeth. Flowers, as well as the general lia- 

 bit of tlie plant, fimilar to the preceding. A native of 

 Guinea. 



CtSURA, in /Indent Poetry, is when, in the fcanning 

 of a verfe, a word is divided, fo that one part feems cut off, 

 and goes to a different foot from tlie rell ; e. gr. 



Ment'i I ;•;' no \ 7i : mm | quiim men | docia profunt. 



Where the fyllabics r't. It, ijiiam, and men arc arfures. 



Or, it denotes a certain and agreeable divifion of liie words, 

 between tlie feet of a verfe ; whereby the lall fyllable of a 

 word becomes the firll of a foot : as in 



Arma virumqiie cano, Tro]x qui primus ah oris. 



Where the lyllables no and j£ are injures. 



CtsuRA, a cut, a Jcparaiion, a breathing-place, in Vocal 

 Muftc. The Germans have applied this poetical term to 

 miilic, with no great analogy, and the French are trying 

 hard to naturalize and adopt it. In the fiipplement to the 

 fol. edit, of the Encycl. M. Caftillon has given it an article 

 which in the new 410. Encycl. Methodique, M. Framery 

 has analyfed, and controverted in an able manner. The 

 firff mufical diftionary in which the term occurs, is that of 

 Walther, which, though a fmall oftavo volume only, contains 

 more definitions, explanations, biographical and hilforical 

 articles, than all the diftionaries that have been publithcd 

 fince I7,p, when it firft appeared in German. Nothing in 

 Englifh expreffes fo well wliat the Germans and French 

 mean to inforce by the term csfura in mufic, as the word 

 phrafeology, which fee. In vocal mufic, the meafure of the 

 verfe determines the phrafeology of the melody. In inflru- 

 mental mufic, a fymmetry of phrafe, to a certain degree, 

 feems neceffary, where either grace or energy is required. 

 As to fubjedl, the firft two or three bars give the general 

 eaft and charaAer to the whole movement. This is more 

 obvious in Haydn's bed fymphonies, fometimes even 

 through a feeming wildnefs and freedom of fancy. If you 

 k)fe the firll idea in the treble, you find it in the bafe, or 

 fubordinate parts, as too much fymmetry in the upper part 

 is apt to degenerate into monotony and dulncfs. An even 

 number of bars, and csefurx at equal diftanccs, however, 

 feldom fail to intereft and imprefs the hearer. Metaftafio's 

 meafures have fuggefted to compofers, and rendered necef- 

 fary, a greater variety of air, than the epic poetry of Italy, 

 or any other country poffeffed before. Grace is often ob- 

 tained by a fucceffion of daftyles and regular refting places. 



V6 folcando iin mar criidele 



Si ufca SI dice I'amico dove. — 

 See Phrase, Cadknce, Rest, real or ur.derftood. 



The cxfura might have its ufe in mufic if well confidered 

 and framed into rules ; but we pretend not to invent new 

 rules or laws in the arts, fo much as to explain thofe al- 

 ready in ufe, and ellablilhed by good authority and fuccefs- 

 ful examples. 



CssL'RE, in1:he Modern Poetry, denotes a reft or paufe 

 towards the middle of a long Alexandrine verfe j by which 

 the voice and pronunciation are aided, and the verfe as it 

 were divided into two hemiftichs. See Pause. 



CjETERIS paribus, a Latin term, in frequent ufe among 

 mathematical, and phyfical writers. 



The words literally fignify, other things being equal; which 

 expreffes pretty nearly their meaning as a term. Thus, we 

 fay, the heavier the bullet, cateris paribus, the greater the 

 range; i. e. by how much the bullet is heavier, if the length 

 and diameter of the piece, and the quantity and ftrength of 

 the powder, be the fame, by fo much will the utmoft range 

 or diftance of a piece of ordnance be greater. 



Thus alfo, in a phyfical way, we fay, the velocity and 

 quantity of blood circulating in a given time, through any 



fcflion of an artery, will, ctleris paribus, be according to its 

 diameter, and neaniefs to, or diftance from the heart. 



CfETOBRIX, in /Indent Geography. See CetobriGA. 



CAETSE, ill Geography, an liland in the Adriatic, or 

 Venetian Sea, which affords anchorage for fiiipping. 



CAFARA, a town of Portugal, in the province of Alen- 

 tejo ; 1 2 miles E. of Moura. 



C A FA RO, in Biography, a Neapolitan compofer of great 

 abilities, of the old fchool, perhaps the bell, in the ecclcfi- 

 aftical ttyle, after Leo. He was living in 1774; and at 

 that time was thought by many the beft compoier for the 

 church in Naples. His ilyle was nervous, yet not rude. In 

 his ecclefiaftical produtlions (fays a French writer, before 

 the revolution,) he proved that there is a llyle for religious 

 rites capable of interefting a devout audience, and redoubling 

 fervour, inftead of diverting their attention trom facred 

 concerns. 



CAFARTUTHA, in /Indent Geography, a town of 

 Afia, in Mefopotamia ; placed in the Nubian geography, 

 between Dara and Alchabur. 



CAFER, in Entomology, a fpecies of Cimex, found in 

 Africa, and defcribed by Tliunberg. This infeA is of a 

 black colour, with a white band on the thorax : ferruginous 

 wing-cafes, and four white fpots. See Caifer. ' 



Caker, a fpecies of Scarab.cus, green, with the mar- 

 gin of the thorax and elytriE fpotted with white. Fabri- 

 cius. Found at the Cape of Good Hope. 



Cafe«, in Ornithology, a fpecies of Merops, with grey 

 plumage, a yellow fpot near the anus, and very long tail. 

 This is the grey bee-eater of Ethiopia. 



Cafer, a fpecies of Picus, brown above, beneath grape- 

 coloured, dotted with black, the under part of the wings and 

 the fhaftsof the wing-feathers, and thofe of the tail vermilion- 

 coloured. Found at the Cape of Good Hope. Gnielin. 



CAFERISTAN, in Geography. See Kuttore. 



CAFFA, in Commerce, cotton cloths painted with feveral 

 colours, and of divers defigns ; they are mar.ufadlured in the 

 Eaft Indies, and fold at Bengal. The length and breadth 

 are not the fame in all pieces. 



Caffa, or Kaffa, in Geography, the ancient and modern 

 Theodofta, a fea-port town of Crim Tartary, now called 

 Taurida, is fituated on the fouth-ealt fide of the peninfula, 

 and forms a harbour of the Euxine, or Black Sta. It was 

 formerly the capital of the Crimea ; and the Tartars diftin- 

 guilhed it by the name of Half Conftantinople. The Ge- 

 noefe, when they attempted to acquire an independent trade 

 with the Eaft Indies, took poffcffion of it about A.D. 1226, 

 maintained it for more than 200 years, and rendered it the 

 feat of an extenfive and flourilhing commerce. They adorned 

 the port, ftrengthened and augmented the fortifications, 

 and embellifticd the city with many ftately edifices, the ruins 

 of which are vifible even at this day. Having the dominion 

 of the Black Sea, and thus moft commodioudy ftationed for 

 trade, they were furnifljed with the means of expenditure by 

 the riches accruing from their commerce. But in the year 

 147/; they were deprived of this port by Mohammed the 

 Great, after they had bafely afiiftcd in bringing the Turks 

 into Europe, and in reducing Conftantinople, agaiuft all the 

 rules of true policy, as well as ditlates of religion. After 

 the Genoefe were difpoffeifcd of the dominion of Caffa, they 

 ftill carried on, for a long time, as merchants, a very lucra- 

 tive commerce with the inhabitants, who, by way of the 

 Cafpian Sea, found means to conduft a confiderable trade in 

 fpices, drugs, cotton, filk, and other Indian commodities. 

 At length the Turks became jealous of the intercourfe of the 

 Genoefe in thcfe parts, and abfolutely excluded them, as 

 well as all other nations, irom trading to, or even fo much 



as 



