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fpfvfcl witli fon.e fniitfiil patclirs which produce barley 

 mid oats. The coail is rocky, and abounds \yith bays and 

 picir.oiitorics. The principal of thcfc arc, Sandlido head, 

 pointing to the opening of Ptntland-frith ; Orcas, or Hol- 

 born»hcad, ar.d l3unnit-h^ad, both pointing northward to 

 tbo tilth. Soribiller-bay is a good harbour for (hipping. 

 There arc two other finaJlcr bays, named from the conligu- 

 mis plaees, Rice and Thnrfo. The only ifland aniieXrd to 

 ihis cou:ity is Stroma, which is fituatcd in the Pentland- 

 frith ; the property of which was formerly claimed by the 

 earls of Orkrty, but was afterwaids attached to Caithnefs. 

 The caufe of this rcverfion is faid to have refulttd from a cu- 

 rious experiment. Tlie tarls of Oikney and Caithnefs con- 

 tendtd for the property of this ifland, it being fitoated 

 about midway between their refpeftive dillridts. Inllead 

 of reforting to the fwovd in this difpnte, they mutually 

 agreed to abide by the ifi'ue of a more inolVenlive trial. As 

 ▼enomous anmials would not live in the Oikntys, fome 

 vere conveyed to Stroma, and finding that they continued 

 to thrive iti the ifland, it was determined that it naturally 

 belonged to Caithr.efs, and was adjudg-'-d to that earldom 

 accordingly. This county is well watered, and contains a 

 few birch plantations ; but the foil and the climate are un- 

 favourable to the growth of timber. At f.inie parts of the 

 coaft, the fea is generally very impetuous, being continually 

 agitated by violent counter tides, currenls, and vortices. 

 Fi(h are caught in great abundance, but fiom the above 

 named caufes, and the Wint of convenient harbours, the 

 proprietors do not derive much advantage fro n exportation. 

 The rocks round the fliore are perforated into numerous 

 caves, which are frequented by an abundance of feals. Many 

 of thefe are dcllroyed by the inhabitants. Eagles, hawks, 

 and a vaft quantity of fea-fowl frequent thefe rocks. 



Caithnefs is well peopled with a race of hardy, athletic 

 inhabitants, whoft chief employ, and fonrce of livelihood 

 are fifliiiig, and breeding flieep and black cattle. Of the lat- 

 ter it haibeen recorded, that from looo to 2coo head have 

 fceen fent from this county in one year. In bad fcafons, the 

 farmers mollly kill and fait them for home confumption 

 and for exportation. Great numbers of fv.ine are alfo reared 

 here, but accoiding to the opinion of Dr. Morifon, (Sir John 

 Sinclair's Statiftical Account, viii. 150.) "the damage they 

 do in the winter to the grafs and corn lands, as they are al- 

 lowed to roam at large, far exceeds any advantage that can 

 accrue from them." Thefe animals are rather peculiar in 

 charafter and fpecies : they are fliort, high-backed, long- 

 brillled, (liarp, (lender, and long nofed, have high ereiSl 

 ears, and are very wild in afpeft. Barns and granaries are 

 unknown to this county ; the corn is thrafhed cut and pre- 

 ferved in the chaff in byhes, which are (lacks in the fhape 

 of bee-hives, and thatched quite round. Much falmon is 

 taken in the rivers'of this county, particularly at Caflle-hill, 

 Dunet, Wick, and Thurfo. At the lall place there was 

 " a miraculous draught taken within the memory of man ; 

 not lefs than j -,00 being caught at one tide." (Pennant's 

 Tour in Scotli;.nd, i. 202.) Caithnefs is divided into ten 

 parilhes, and contains one royal borough, Wick, and the 

 town of Thurfo. It fends a member to Parliament alter- 

 nately writh the county of Bute. The principal landholders 

 are the carl of Caithnefs, Sir Jnhn Sinclair, bart. Sir Ben- 

 jamin Dunbar, and Sinclair, efq. all of whom pofTefs 



feats in the county. Many monuments of antiquity are 

 ftill remaining in Caithnefs, moft of which are of a military 

 nature. Of the more ancient kind are the Cairns, Duns, 

 and Tumuli ; which are fcattered over many parts of the 

 county. Some ruins of caftles are ftill left at Caftle-Sin- 

 clair, Girmengo, Auchnavern, Dirlet, and Lochmore. In 



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mineralogy, Caithnefs poirefTes forr.c articles of valiir, ai 

 txcellent frce-llone and lime (lone ; alfo, copper, lead and 

 iron ores. At the K. E. point of Caithnefs is Duii(by-head, 

 the mo'l extreme northern promontory of Britain. At thi» 

 place the breadth of the frith does not exceed twiilve miles, 

 and is the moll ufual ferry or |>a(rage to the 0/ kncy Iflaudp. 

 In the forells of Moravius and Bcrridal-;, are abundance of 

 red deer, roe-bucks, &c. and the county abounds witli 

 groufe, heathcocks, plover, harts, and mod other game. 

 Birds of a peculiar fpecies, called Snow-fleets, frequent this 

 county, in large flights, about the middle of February, and 

 di'part in April. They are about the lize of a iuarrow, 

 and efteemed very delicious in flavour. The laft private war 

 in Scotland was occafiontd by a difpute rclaliiig to this 

 county. Pennant's Tcur in Scotla.id. Sir Jolin Sinclair'* 

 Statiftical Account of Scotland. 



CAIUS, Pope, in Biography, fucceeded Eutychianus in 

 the pontilicate A. D. 28,5, and held it tiil A . D. 296. The 

 church of Rome reckons him among her martyrs ; but hif- 

 tory informs us, that, having coiictaled himfelf under the 

 perfecution of Dloclefian, he died in peace A. D. 296. To 

 him is afcribed a decree that biil'.ops (liould pafs through 

 the feven inferior orders of the church before they aiTumed 

 the epifcopal office. Bower. 



Caius, or Gaiue, eu ecckfiaftical hiflorian, who flou« 

 rifhed, accordirg to Cave, about the year 2 10. Photius 

 fays, " that he was ordained biflicp of the nations," i. e. 

 as fome have interpreted the phrale, that he was ordained to 

 preach the gofpel to infidel countries, without the allotment of 

 any particular diocefe. Fabricius reads, inft^adof "nations," 

 Athens ; and accordingly fuppofes, tliat, having been at fiift 

 a prefbyter of the church ot Rome, he was afterwards made 

 bilhop of Athens. It has been afferted by many writers, 

 but upon d fputable authority, that he was a difciple of 

 .Ircna:us. Three or four books are afcribtd to Caius, viz. 

 *' A dialogue or difputation with Proculus or Proclus," a- 

 follower of Montanus ; " Of the Univerfe ;" the " La- 

 byrinth ;" and a treat'fe againft the " Herefy of Artemon." ' 

 Some fragments of thefe works are ftill extant. The firlf, 

 however, is, in Dr. Lnrdner's opinion, the only piece juilly 

 afcribed to him. In his dialogue are fome palTages that 

 indicate the author's refpeft for tlie ancient fcnptures gene- 

 rally received by Chrilliap.s ; though he feems to have 

 thought, the epittle to the Hebrewj was not written by St. 

 Paul, and that the book of the Revelation was not genu- 

 ine, but probably an inipoflure of Cerinthus. Cave, H. L. 

 T. i. p. ICG. Lardmr's Works, vol. ii. p. 3/1, <5:c. 



Caius, Bernard, born at Venice towards the end of 

 the i6th century, where he received his education, pub- 

 hfhed, iu 1606, "De Veficantium U(u." He entirely rejcft* 

 bh.fters in all acute difeafes, as adding greatly to the malady 

 by irritating the fyftem. He alfo publifiied in iC)o8, " Dc 

 Alimentis, quas cuique natura; conveniunt, de Vohiptate, 

 Sapore, Frigida Potione, Viribus Salis Nitriad refrigeran- 

 dum," 4to, republifhed in 1610. Haller Bib. Med. 



Caius, Kave, or Key, John, an ingenious and learned 

 phyfician, was born at Norwich, Oftober 6th, 15 10. After 

 paffiiig through the ufual fehool education at Norv.-ich, he 

 was admitted a ftudent in Gonvil Hall in Cambridge, Sept. 

 izth, JJ29, and having dii'inguithed himfelf by his profi- 

 ciency iu hterature, he was made fellow of that community 

 in 1533. His third for knowledge, and his defire of per- 

 fefting himfelf in the different branches of medicine, deter- 

 mined him to vifit the Continent, and to pafs fome time at 

 Padua, then famed for the celebrity of its profelTors, par- 

 ticularly in that branch of fcience. He here ftudied under 

 John Baptifta Montanus, having Vefalius for hi« fellow flu- 

 dent. 



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