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Jn a monadciy near Otranto in Apulia. T«o of the books, 

 dcfcnbiiig tlie capture of Troy, were piihliihcd feparately 

 by Ncaiider, in his «' Opus Aureum," Leipf. 1577. Edi- 

 tions of the wliolc have been given at Hanau, 8vo. 1604; 

 and by Paw at Leydcn, 8vo. 1754. Voff. de Toct. Gra;c. 



CALABEZA, in Geoviphy, a town of South Ame- 

 rica, in Terra Firma, on Oronooko river. 



CALABITE, a fmall ifland of the Eaft Indian 

 ocean, being one of the Philippines, between Miudcro and 

 I^iiban. 



CALABRIA, in /Indent Geography, a name fuppofcd 

 to have been received from the oriental " calab," or pitch, 

 on account of the refin obtained from the pines of this coun- 

 try, and correfponding to that i)art of Italy more generally 

 denominated " Mcdapia," and the prefent Calabria. 



CALABRIA, in Geograpl.ty, a co'intry of Italy, in the 

 kingdom of Naples, divided into Calabria Citra, and Cala- 

 bria Ultra, or Hither and Farther Calabria. The former 

 is bounded on the north by Bafilicata, on the eaft by the 

 gulf of Taranto, on the fouth by Calabria Ultra, and on 

 the well by the Mediterranean, and a fmall part of Princi- 

 pato Citra. Swinburne ellimatcs its extent at 1,605,463 

 moggie, (five moggie being equal to four Englifli acres) 

 and the number of inhabitants at 315,330. It abounds 

 in excellent fruits, corn, wine, oil, hemp, cotton, flax, faf- 

 fron, honey, fait, wool, fdk, and manna. It has fome 

 mines of gold and (ilver, lead and iron, together with ful- 

 phur, alabafter, and rock-cryftal. Hogs and (heep are nu- 

 merous. Its coafts are defended by towers. Its principal 

 towns are Cozenza, Paola or Paula, Bifignano, CafTano, 

 Scalea, Cariati, RoiTano, Umbriatico, Strongoli, Caren- 

 za, Martorano, and Amantea. Its chief rivers are the Co- 

 chile, Crate, Lao, Celano, Trionto, Aquanile, and Bato. 

 Calabria Ultra is bounded on the north by Calabria Citra, 

 and on the eaft, weft, and fouth, by the Mediterranean fea. 

 The produftions are nearly the fame with thofe of Calabria 

 Citra. The extent, according to Swinburne, comprehends 

 1,901,878 moggie ; and the number of its inhabitants is 

 460,592. The principal towns are Catanzaro, Cotrone, 

 St. Severina, Ifola, Taverna, Nicaftro, Belcaftro, St. Eu- 

 femia, Squillacc, Tropea, Nicotera, Mileto, Oppido, Gerace, 

 Rcggio, and Bova. The chief rivers are the Alii, Angitola, 

 Tacina, Ala-o, Alice, Amato, Metauro, and Metramo. 



In Calabria all the oxen are white, large, and long-horned, 

 except thofe of the red breed, which have been introduced 

 from Sicily by the princes of Cariati and Gerace. The buf- 

 faloes are black ; and moft of the goats, fheep, and hogs are 

 of that hue. The laft fpecies have no hair, but their hides 

 are as fleek as thofe of elephants. In fome parts of this 

 country dormice are accounted delicate game, as they were 

 in ancient Rome, where they were kept in warrens, and fatted 

 for the tables of the moft refined epiciues. They are fmoked 

 out of their nefts in hollow trees, and caught with fharp 

 hooks. Their Il<ins make very fine leather. The Calabrian 

 horfes are pretty, fpirited, and brilliant in their motions ; but 

 generally low, and feldom free from vice. All live animals 

 in Calabria are taxed. Six cavlini (or about 2s. 3d.) are 

 paid for an ox, 4 grains (10 of which make a carlino) for a 

 fheep ; and therefore it is no wonder that the graziers fhould 

 be indigent, and that the cottagers fhould keep no beaft of any 

 kind, and that they (hould live upon cafual ard unfubftantial 

 nutriment, inftead of milk, cheefe, and other w liolefome diet, 

 which the rich pafturage of the country ought to afford them. 

 Arable land is ploughed four times ; but inftead of laying 

 down their fallows with hay feeds, clover, or any of thofe 

 rich artificial gi-afles, which are fown in England to produce 

 line meadows and pallures, the Caiabrian farmer thinks he 



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does his farm ample juftice if he ceafc!< to plough it for two 

 or three years, and leaves the good grafs, accidentally pro- 

 duced there, to make its way, as well as it can, through the 

 matted fibres of various forts of rank weeds. The Calabrian 

 forefces no amelioration of his condition from any of his 

 efforts ; and he is difcouragcd by the appreher.fion that in- 

 creafing activity and produce on his part would fubjeft him 

 to an additional weight of taxes and oppreffion. 



The Zingari, or gypfies, of Calabria do not contraft alli- 

 ances with any other clafs of inhabitants, but marry among 

 themfelves. They have no permanent property, nor any fixed 

 habitation. They fubfift by theprofits of little handicrafts, and 

 chiefly by trucking affes and horfes, which they do for the 

 fmalleft trifle to boot. They gencmlly woik in iron, ard make 

 trivets, knitting-needles, and bodkins, and baubles of that 

 kind. Their drefs is very mean ; they fhave their chins, but 

 wear long hair, to which they apply neither comb nor 

 fcilFars. Their religion is altogether myfterious ; and though 

 they occafionally conform to the ceremonies of the Roman 

 Catholic church in marriage, burials. See. they often perform 

 thefe funiSions according to their own cuftoms, which re- 

 ferable thofe of the heathens. At their weddings they 

 eariy torches, and have paranymphs to give away the biide, 

 with many other unufual rites. With regard to their con- 

 duft, they are depraved and licentious ; and are univerfally 

 accounted to be pilferers, cheats, faithlefs, fhamelefs, and 

 abandoned to all manner of dilTolutenefs. They accuftom. 

 themfelves to tell fortunes, and to play juggling-tricks, as 

 they do in other countries. In 1560, they were baniflied 

 the kingdom as thieves, cheats, and fpies for the Turks. lu 

 1569 and 1585 the order was renewed ; but not being en- 

 forced, it had little effeCl. They make ufe of two languages, 

 one Calabrian, with a foreign accent and pronunciation ; the 

 other peculiar to themfelves, which, in found, bears a great 

 affinity to the oriental tongues, and is fpoken by them when- 

 ever they have fecrets to impart to each other. 



There is a vifible difference in the drefs and manners of the 

 two Calabrias ; the inhabitants of the fouth part refemble the 

 Sicilians ; and, hke them, the men wear bonnets ; but north of 

 Rogliano, the boundary of the provinces, hats are univerfally 

 worn. The Sicihans, it is fuppofed, even now betray ftrong" 

 marks in their charafter of their ancient connexion with th.e 

 Africans, and the North Calabrefe have in their difpofitiou 

 much German folidity, ariling perhaps from colonies tranf- 

 planted thither by the Swabian princes ; and in the fouthern 

 Calabrefe, and Neapohtans, particularly the latter, there are 

 evident traces of Grecian manners and temper. Calabria is 

 in bad repute with refpeft to the fafcty of travellers ; and 

 yet the people feem perfcffly honeft with regard to one an- 

 other ; for their houfes have no bolts or bars to their doors ; 

 and during the owners' abfence, they are left to the mercy 

 of every pafTenger. Swinburne's Travels in the Two Sicihes, 

 vol. ii. and iv. 



Calabria, formerly pofTeffed by the Brutii and other Greek 

 colonies, has been in all ages convulfed and defolated by 

 earthquakes. In 1 638 and 1659 the two provinces of Ca- 

 labria were almoft utterly deliroyed ; and that of 1744, 

 though not equally injurious, was veiy calamitous and dif- 

 trtfTing. The dreadful eftefts of the fucccfllve earthquakes 

 of 1783 are particularly defcribed by count Ippolito and iir 

 William Hamilton. The part of Calabria, according to fir 

 William's account, which was moft affedled, is compre- 

 hended between the ^Sth and 39th degree ; ar.d the greatefl 

 force of the earthquake feemcd to have exerted itfelf from the 

 foot of thofe mountains of the Apennines, called the Monte 

 Diio, Monte Sacro, and Monte Caulone, extending weftward 

 to the Tyrrhene fea. The towns, villages, and firm-houfcs, 



nearell 



