C A L 



Phoenician language, to be feated on an eminence, and of 

 Phccr'ician or!<;in;il. 



CALAMIbSUS, a town of Greece, in the ccnnnry of 

 the Loerii Ozolii, fituatrd, accordinir to Pliny, on tlie 

 Crifiaii gulf, and placed by M. D'Anville, under the name 

 of Ca!a, to the weft of Naiipaftus. 

 CALAMITAy,Va.v. Slc Storax. 

 CALAMITES, in Nilurnl Hljlory, a name given by 

 fonie to the olleocolla, which, when in fmall pieces, fomc- 

 timcs pretty exadiy rtfembles the barrel of a quill ; others 

 have called fome of the folfile coralloides by this name, there 

 being frequently in them the refemblance of feveral quills 

 cemented together in ftone. 



CALAMITIS is ufed for a fpecics of artificial cachnia, 

 found adhering to the (licks, ladles, and other utenlils where- 

 with tiiey ilir the copper when in fvifion in the furnnce. It 

 is denominated calanMs, from the Latin calamus, a real, on 

 account of its refemblance to the figure of a reed cloven in 

 the middle. 



CALAMO, in Geography, fometimcs called Calmino, or 

 Caliiiiena, an ifland in the Archipelago, near the coall of 

 Afia, not far from Mitylene, about 5 or 6 leagues in cir- 

 cumference. The ancients called it Claroi : Pliny alfo dif- 

 tinguiflies it by the name of Calydna, and Ovid has extolled 

 the abundance of honey which it produced : " Fcecundaque 

 melle Calydiia." Mctain. 1. viii. On this ifland are fome 

 lofty mountains, an iuconliderable population, and tlie re- 

 mains of an ancient town on the wclb coaft, and, on the 

 other fide, a village, called Calamo, built on the fummit of 

 a mountain, and near it a tolerable good harbour. This 

 ifland is poor and incapable of providing fnbfiitence for its 

 inhabitants ; and it is therefore chiefly occupied in pro- 

 curing foreign refourccs by a carrying trade. Its moun- 

 tains contain minerals, which, under the Turkifh govern- 

 ment, are a fource of oppreffion and ruin. 



CALAMOCHA, a town of Spain, in Arragon, feated 

 on the Xiloca ; 14 milts S. of Daroca. 



CALAMON, orCALAMOS, m Ancient Geography, Kale- 

 mnny, a town of Phoenicia, fitnate on the fea-coaft, at the 

 fouthern extremity of mount Carmel. Pliny fays, that it 

 was burnt by Anliochus the Great. 



CALAMOTI-SiNus, the gulf of Propontis, in Afia 

 Minor, at the entrance of the Thracian Bofphorus, fouth- 

 eaft of Byzantium. 



CALAMUS is commonly ufed to denote the fame with 

 ttrundn, a reed, rulh, cane, or flag. 



Calamus, in Botany, (K«?,K/y«;, the ufual name among 

 the Greeks for a itcd, and applied by them to feveral plants, 

 chiefiy aquatic, with hollow items. See Theophraftus, 

 Hid. Plant lib. iv. cap. 12.) Linn. gen. 436. Schreb. 5S9. 

 Willd. d^g. Gairt. Soi. tab. 1^9. Lam. Illull. pi. 770. 

 Juff. 37. Vent. vol. ii. 122. Rotang. Encyc. Meth. and 

 Nouveau Dift. Rattan. Clafs and order, hexandria mono- 

 gynia, Linn. Gxrt. Vent. Monicc'la hexandria. Lam. to 

 ■which dlfpoGtion Jufficu aU'o inclines. Nat. Ord. Tribeia- 

 loidett, Linn. Palm£ Julf. Vent. 



Gen. Ch. Cal. permanent, of fix leaves, or in fix divi- 

 fions ; the three outer ones fliorter and broader ; the three 

 inner ones longer, narrower, and acuminate. Cor. no:ie. 

 Slam, filaments fix, capillary, longer than the calyx, (often 

 feparate from the piftil, Poiret): anthers round. Pijh germ 

 fnperior, ronndifh : ftyle trifid, round, fpiral, thread-fliaped: 

 iligmas three, fimple. Peric. membranous, top-fhaped, or 

 globular, covered with I'cales imbricated backwards and 

 «btufe, one-celled, at firll pulpy, afterwards dry. Seeds one, 

 »wo, or three, globular, flelhy. 



££f. ch. Calyx of lix leaves, or with fix divifions. C«- 



CAL 



roUci none. Frwi a one-celled berry covered with fcalcs 

 imbricated backwanl. 



01>r. The tliree inner leaflets of the calyx have the ap» 

 peaiance of petals, and it is not eafy to determine why they 

 were not confidered as fueh by L'nnaius. The divifioii of 

 the llyle and the three Iligmas make it probable that thefe 

 are naturally the nidimeuts of three germs, but two of them 

 generally prove abortive. Jaflieu obferves that this genus 

 forms the connecting link between the palms and the graflfcs, 

 having the flower of tlie former a;id the habit of the latter. 

 The fago palm fo nearly rcfemhlts calamus iu its parts of 

 frndtification that it fcarcely feems a dillindl genus. The 

 only difference between them, according to Gxrtner, is 

 that the flowers of the former are monoicous, and of the 1. 1- 

 ter hermaphrodite ; and that the embryo of the former is 

 on the fide, and of the latter at the bafe of the feed. As 

 the flowers, at leall of one fpecies of Calamus, are now aU 

 lowed to be monoicous, the former difference vaniflies ; 

 and whether the latter alone be a fiifficient generic dlflinc- 

 tion, may juftly be doubted in the prefent impcrfedt itate of 

 our knowledge. 



Linnnsus makes only one fpecies, but mentions eight va- 

 rieties, all taken up from Rumphius, who calls them Pal- 

 mijunci from their fimiiarity to the palms in their fruftifica- 

 tiou, and to the iunci, or rufhes, in their flexibility. Lou- 

 rciro has dift.ingui(hed and dtfcribed fix fpecies. Willdenow 

 has enumerated eight, at the fame tmie acknowledging that 

 he cannot identify the tcipionum, amarum, and dioicum o£ 

 Loureiro. Poiret has extended them to twelve, from the 

 delcriptions of different authors, but without being abfo- 

 lutely certain that his fynonyms are in all cafes cxaC^. As 

 he is the latell writer on the lubjeft, we fliall take him for 

 our guide. 



Sp. I. C petrous, Lonr. (Rotang. Willd. var. and Linn. 

 Arundo zeylanica fpinofiffima : Burm. zeyl. 36. Flor. 46S. 

 Tfieru-tfiefel : Rheed Mai. v, 12. p. 12, t. 64.. Palmijuncus 

 calapparius: Rumph. Amb. v. 5. p. 97, t.51.) " Stem 

 thick, fet with prickes ; prickles ereft ; fpadix creft." 

 Willd. Stems more than a hundred feet high, and at leaft the 

 thicknefs of a man's arm : internodes cylindrical, unequal, 

 furrowed, fpotted, about a foot long, downy towards th« 

 fummit. Leaves, or fronds, in terminating tufts, alternate, 

 winged ; leaflets fword-fliaped, long, tlraight, befet witK 

 numerous, (Iraight, long, very fharp prickles. Spadix nearly 

 ftraight, moderately branched. Calyx with fix divifions. 

 Berry rather egg-(liaped, acuminate. A native of the Eaft 

 Indies and Cochinchina, where it is ufed for making long 

 pikes. The inner part of the young flioots, llripped of the 

 bark, is eaten either boiled or roafted on the hearth. The 

 fruit is pleafantly acid. 2. C. rudentum. Lour. (C. rotang 

 var. y Linn. Palmijuncns albus: Rumph. t. 5J.) "Prickles 

 of the item reflexed ; fpadix divaricated, ftraight." 

 Willd. Stems very tough, not more than an inch 

 thick, but rifin T by the means of trees, and palling frorrv 

 one tree to another, fom.etimes to the length of more than 

 five hundred feet; intfrnodcs nearly equal, round, a foot 

 and a half long. Leaves, long, winged, reflexed ; commoiv 

 petiole lengthened into a naked, pendant, prickly fiU- 

 m.ent ; leaflefs, fhort, flraight, acuminated, downy, ter- 

 minated by a long briftle. Spadixes, large, fpreading out 

 in a loofe panicle. Flowers, numerous, nearly fcffile. Ber- 

 ries, very fmall. It is one of the moll common fpecies, and 

 is ufed inltead of ropes to bind untarne elephants, to draw 

 heavy loads, and to make cables for (hips, j C. fcipionunif 

 walking cane, rattan. L:'Ur. (Kututfiurel: Rheede. Arundo 

 rotang dicf a : pifim mant. 188, La Maick iilufl. pi. 770. 

 f. 1.) "Internodes of the item, very long, awl-(haptd, 



Aiiping 3 



