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•ver its furfacf with large round figures in form of radiated 

 ftars within. This very much refcirbled in external appear- 

 ance the root of our common calumiis aromaliciis of the (hops 

 turned into Hone, and feems to have been vulgarly luppoftJ 

 to be that fubllance petrified. The more accuiate among 

 the early writers, however, have by no means countenanced 

 fo wild a conjedlure ; and Theophraftus, though he records 

 the fubllance under that name, as it had no other in his 

 time, yet joins it to the corals, which, he fays, grow in the 

 fca, and are vegetables ; and adds, that thole and this fub- 

 ftance are properly the fubllance of another treatife, not of 

 a hiHory of Hones. 



This author's placing it among the corals is perfedlly 

 right, fmce the fpecimens of it now found are plainly no 

 other than corals of the llcUated kinds, which have been 

 long buried in the earth. 



CAL.tMi's odoialus, Mathioli, in Botany. See Andro- 

 POGON tiardus, 



CALAyiv s pa/oralis, in Majc, the {liepherd's pipe; an 

 ancient niulical inftrume.it, the origin of the Hute ; at firft, 

 made of a flraw or reed ; avena and calamus. It fhould 

 feem as if the /xo»»u?.o;, monolos, with holes to produce dif- 

 ferent tones, mull have been fuggclled by the fyrinx, or 

 Pan's pipe, an inllrument in which pipes of different lengths, 

 of one tone each, without ventiges, produced the fcale by 

 moving them over the lips ; but afterwards it was difcovercd, 

 (as it is faid, by Minerva,) that one fingle pipe, perforated, 

 would funiifh as great a variety of founds, and more conve- 

 niently, than all the pipes of ihejfv/a Panis. Flutes were 

 improved and multiplied, almoll to infinity. See PI. of an- 

 cient mufical inltruments, and Hill. vol..i. pp. 408, and 412. 

 According to Horace, the flute had undergone various 

 changes and improvements from its firft invention : 

 Tibia non, ut nunc, orichalco vincT:a, tubasque 

 j?£mula ; fed tenuis fimplexque, foramine pauco, 



Afpirare.- A. P. 20:. See Flute. 



C\L. \tAV s fcriptorius, properly denotes a reed or ru(h to 

 write with, anfwering to the ufe of the ancient ftylus and 

 modern pen. The ancient Egyptian calamus was a fort of 

 arundo aqiiatka growing plentifully about Memphis, and on 

 the banks of the Nile ; whence it was alfo called calamus 

 Mcmphiticiis, Niloihus, &c. 



Calamus Jl-nptonus, in Anatomy, is a dilatation of the 

 fourth ventricle of the brain ; fo called from its figure, which 

 refembles that of a quill. See Brain. 



Calamus alfo denotes a fort of meafure othcrwife called 

 canna, cane, or reed. 



CALAMY, Edmund, in Biography, an eminent divine 

 among the Englifh Nonconformills of the 17th century, was 

 born in London in the year 1600, and educated at Pem- 

 broke Hall in the univerfity of Cambridge ; where he took 

 his degrees of bachelor of arts, and bachelor of divinity, but 

 on account of his hollility to the Arminian party, he was 

 prevented from obtaining a fellowlhip in that fociety, to 

 which his Handing, talents, and literary acquirements en- 

 titled him. His lludious difncfition and religious charafter, 

 however, recommended him to Dr. Felton, bifhop of Ely, 

 who made him his domellic chaplain, and gave him the vi- 

 carage of Swaffham prior in his neighbourhood. In this 

 fituation, he ftudied at the rate of 16 hours a day, and 

 acquired that large fund of folid and ufeful learning, which 

 enabled him to difcharge, with great ability, the feveral of- 

 fices which he afterwards occupied. After the death of 

 the bilhop in 1626, he was chofen one of the lefturers at 

 Bury St. Edmund's, and rtfigned his vicarage. During 

 his 10 years' refidence in this place, he dillinguifhed himfelf 

 for the moll part as a llridl conformift ; bi>t when biftiop 



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Wren's articles, and the reading of the book of Sport* 

 were enforced, he avowed his diffent, made a public apo- 

 logy for his conduft from the pulpit, and, from this time, 

 was regarded as an undifguifed and aftive nonconformift. 

 Being much in favour with the earl of Effex, he was pre- 

 fented by his lordfliip with the rectory of Rochford in Effex, 

 which, though a valuable preferment, was, on account of 

 the infalubrity of its fituation, the occafion of permanent 

 injury to his conftitution. In 1639, he was chofen minifter 

 of St. Mary-, Aldermanbury, and removed to London, 

 where he took an atlive part in the controverfy concerning 

 church-government, which was then agitated. In 1640, he 

 eniragedwith other writers in the compofition of the famous 

 book, entitled " Smcfly miiuus," from the initials of the names 

 of thofe that were concerned in it ; viz. Stephen Marlhall, Ed- 

 mund Calamy, Thomas Young, Matthew Newcomen, and 

 William Spurllow. This treatife, though written with a 

 confiderable degree of afperity, has been confidered, not 

 only by the Nonconformiih, but by Dr. Wilkins, bilhop of 

 Cheller, as a capital work againll epifcopacy. Calamy 

 himfelf fays of it, that it gave the firft deadly blow to this 

 fyftem of church government. In 1641, Mr. Calamy was 

 appointed by the houfe of lords a member of the fub-com- 

 mittee, which ineffeftually attempted to accommodate the 

 differences that fubfifted with regard to religion. And he 

 afterwards diftinguidied himfelf, bv his learning and mode- 

 ration, in the aftembly of divines. He was alfo at this time 

 one of the moll eminent preachers in the city of London, 

 and held in high eftimation, particularly by the Prefbyterian 

 party. With this party he concurred in oppofition to the 

 Independents and Seftaries, and in ttftifying his difappro- 

 bation of the violent meafures that brought on the king's 

 death, an event which he ardently deprecated. During the 

 ufurpation of Cromwell, he withdrew from all public con- 

 cerns ; but he boldly oppofed the projeft of his fingle go- 

 vernment, which he undertook to prove to be both unlaw- 

 ful and impradlicable. As foon as a favourable opportunity 

 occurred, he was aftive in promoting the reftoration of 

 Charles II. ; and he was one of the divines delegated to 

 compliment the king in Holland on the occafion. In 1660, 

 he was appointed one of his majefty's chaplains ; and he was 

 offered the bifhopric of Litchfield and Coventry, which, af- 

 ter previous deliberation, he declined accepting. As foon 

 as the aft of uniformity was paffed, he confcientioufly dif- 

 continued his pubhc fermons in the church, and preached 

 his farewel fermon at Aldermanbury, Auguft 15, 1662, 

 He joined feveral of his brethren, however, in a petition ta. 

 the king for liberty to retain their public funftions, and on 

 the occafion made a long and moving fpeech ; but this laft 

 effort for toleration proved ineffeftual. After he had ceafed 

 to officiate in the church, he attended its public fervice ; at 

 one time, viz. December 28, 1662, when the appointed 

 preacher did not appear, he was urged by fome of the prin- 

 cipal parifhioners to take his place ; but taking occafion to 

 fpeak with freedom concerning the parifti, and the fituation 

 to which he was then reduced, he was arrefted by the lord 

 mayor's warrant, and committed to Newgate. Doubts, 

 however, occurred as to the legality of his confinement; and 

 the hardfhip of his cafe being duly confidered, he was li- 

 berated in a few days by the king's order. After the fire 

 of London, he was driven over its ruins in a coach on his 

 way to Enfield ; and the fight fo much affefted him, that 

 he died within two months afterwards, Oftober 29, i666. 



Mr. Calamy was well acquainted with the fubjefts appro- 

 priate to his profeflion ; as a preacher, he was plain and 

 praftical ; and he boldly avowed his fentiments on all ne- 

 ceflary occafions. Several of his fermons, delivered on par- 

 ticular 



