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Calatrava, Kir^Jils of, in Hijlory, a military older iiifti- 

 tutodln ijjS, bv Saiiclio 1 1 1, king ot C iHilt. on the foUo>v. 

 iii^ ..cc ilioii. VVheii the Moors propolt^d to attack tlie little 

 cit')- Cal;itrava, the Tcmpl'is, wlio hcKl it, liinendcicd it 

 up to the ki;i^, on a fiupicion of their inability to defend 

 it ; upon thisf Diejro Vi.lafqi;ev!, a Cillerci;ui monk, but a 

 inaii of quality, perfnaded Raymond, abbot of Fitero, a 

 moiKilUrv of Clllereians, to beg Culatrava of the king. He 

 obtained it ; and Raymond and Diego put ihemfelves in it; 

 being followid by a great mnnbtr of pcojile who joined 

 them out of zeal, for the defence of Calatrava. The Moors 

 abandoning the ciitcrprife, many of thole who came to the 

 defence of the city, entered the order of the Ciileixians ; 

 and that under a habit more lit for military than monaliic 

 exercife. Accordingly, they be^an to make excurfions 

 on the Moors ; and this was the rife of the order of Cala- 

 trava. 



The firft grand mailer was Gracias ; under whofe go- 

 vernment the order was approved by Alexander III. in 

 1164, and coniirmid by Innocent III. in 119S. In 1489, 

 Ferdinand and Il'abella, with the coiifent of pope Innocent 

 VIII, reunited the grand mallerdiip of Calatrava to the 

 Spanilh crown : fo that the kings of Spain are now become 

 perpetual admiiiiibators, or grand mafters of this order. 

 The badge of the order is a crofs fl^-ury gules, which is 

 worn at the ftomach pendant to a ribbon. 



Their rule and habit were originally thofe of the CiHer- 

 cians, but their drefs was a little fliorttned, on account of 

 their exercifes : and in procefs of time they were permitted 

 a fecnlar habit. The piefent habit of ceremony of the or- 

 der is a mantle of white hlk tied with a cordon and taffels, 

 like thole of the garter: and on tiie left arm, a crofs fleury 

 embroidered gults. Mariana obferves, that this noble 

 iiillitution has gradually degenerated : the comroande. 

 ries, which were formerly the reward of military merit, 

 bein"- frequently bellowed on minions and favourites. The 

 order is laid to have at prtfcnt 34 commandcrics, and eight 

 priories, which produce an annual revenue of j2o,o0J du- 

 cats. 



As the order of St. James is di;tinguinied by the epithet 

 of the rich, and that of Alcantara is llyled the noble, this 

 of Calatrava is entitled the gallant. 



Aiphonfus IX. having recovered Alcantara from the 

 Moors, ill the year 12 12, committed tlie cullody and de- 

 fence thereof, (irll to the knights of Calatrava ; and two 

 years afterwards to the kniglvts of the Pear-tree, or of St. 

 Julian, another military order inllituted at Pereiro, in 1156, 

 under the proteAion of Feidinand II. knig of L»on, and 

 ralitied as a religious order under the title of St. Beiiedift, 

 by pope Alexander III. in 1177, at the rcqueft of Gomez 

 Fcriiande.'., the firll prior or grand mailer ; upon which, they 

 changed their name, and affumed the denomination of the 

 kniglits of Alcantara. The king of Spa'a is fovercign of 

 this order, which is in high ellimation in that kingdom: 

 the mantle worn by the knights of this order is of red filk, 

 with a liar of five points embroidered in filver on the left 

 breall. The badge is a crofs fleury of gold, enamelled vert, 

 and worn at the llomach witli a broad ribbon. 



The religious order of Calatrava for ladies was inllituted 

 by Don Gonzalez Yaniies in 1219. The badge of the or- 

 der is the fame as that worn by the knights of Calatrava, 

 only embroidered on the front of the ladies' habits. 



CALATUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of Britain, 

 in the country of the Brigantes, according to Ptolemy. It 

 is placed by Horfley at Appleby, and by Baxter at Kirkby- 

 thore in Wellmoreland. But both the name, and the rela- 

 tive fituatiou aiTigned to it by Ptokmyj might incline us to 



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place it in or near the Galatcrium Nemus, now the forefl; of 

 Gaiters in Yorkfhire. In the itinerary of Aiitonire, it is 

 denominated Galacum, and placed 47 miles from Bremeto- 

 nacis. 



CALAU, in Gco^^raphy, a town of Lnfatia, which 

 carrfes on a large trade in wool ; 15 miles N.W. of Cotbus. 

 Cai,au-Cf.se, a town of Egypt; li miles S. of Abu 

 Girge. 



CALAVON, a river of France, which runs into the 

 Durance, about 8 mil:s W. of Cavaillon. 



CAhAURES, in Ancient Geography, a river of Afia 

 Minor, in Phrygia, whicii ran, according to Livy, between 

 Cibyra a:id Mandropolis. 



CALAURIA, one of the Greek idanda in the Argolic 

 bav, lituate, according to Strabo, in the bay of Hermione, 

 over againft Troezen, a maritime city of Argia, from whicli 

 it wa.^ dillanl four furlongs, being itielf 30 in compafs. It 

 was fam; us for a temple coniecrated to Neptune, and air 

 afylum. DemolUienes was an exile in this ifland, and was bu- 

 ried in the temple, after having poifoned himfelf, becaufe he- 

 would not furrender to the order of Antipater. In the time of 

 Paufanias, the inhabitants and llrangers paid great relpeft to 

 the memory of this illulliious orator. This idand was alfo 

 denominated Irene, Anthedonia, Hypereia, and PolTidonia; 

 however, Pliny diftingnillies Irene from Calauria. Ancient 

 tradition reports, that Latona gave this idand to Neptune- 

 in exchange for that of Delos, whence the proverb, •' Pro 

 Dtlio Calauria." A fort of litharge, denominated " Ca- 

 lauritis," was brought to the Greeks from this ifland, and 

 applied by them to medical purpofes. 



Calauria, a town of Sicily, mentioned by Plutarch. 

 CALAUWE, in Geography, an inhabited idand of the- 

 Indian Ocean, near Saleyer, (which fee), and belonging ta 

 it. It is chiefly inhabited, as v/ell as Bonarette in its vici- 

 nity, bv Bruginefe. 



CALBARI, or Calabar, the name of two rivers, a* 

 well as of a dillridl in Africa, eall of Cape Formofa. See 

 Calabar. 



CALBARIA, a province of Africa, arijoining to Rio 

 Real, or Koyal River, called alio Calabar; deriving its 

 name from that river, which, though broad, is too (hallow 

 to be navigated by (hips of burden. Ntar the coall, on the- 

 wed bank of it, is a toun called by the Dutch, Wyndorp, 

 and by the negroes, from the great quantity of wine, Toke ; 

 two branches fprcad to the ea(l and welt from the river^ 

 whofe courfe runs conftantiy north. In the weft branch i* 

 a road, three or four leagues long, for trading veffels ; and 

 the tow-n Calbaria is fituated on the north fide of this arm, 

 and it is a place of great trade with the Dutch, enclofed 

 with pallifadoes, watered on the fouth by the river, and de- 

 fended on the north by a boggy w-ood. On the fouth of 

 this rivulet is an iiland of an oval figure, at a diftance from the 

 continent, from which it is divided only by a (liallow cana!, 

 the land low and covered with woods. About 12 leagues 

 weftvvard of Calbaria, lies Belli, governed by one captain ; 

 and 20 leagues above the mouth is an arm of Rio Real, 

 running eall-north-eaft, and many other rivers are near the 

 banks. The province of Krike, bordering on the weft of 

 Moco, lies about 20 miles from the coaft ; on the back of 

 Rio Real, fouthward of Moco, towards tlie coafl, is the 

 province of Bani, whofe chief town is Culeba, the principal 

 of this country, which extends wetlward from the river 

 Calbaria, as far as Sangma, and has ten under officers. The 

 cannibal negroes, inhabitants of the eaftern banks of Calba- 

 ria, circumcife the women that are marriageable, eat only 

 the dain, and fell the prifoners of war at Calbaria. The 

 canoes ufed by the Calbarian negroes are pointed at both 



endS) 



