C A L 



C A L 



wliich calcareous earth may promote vog'etatioii is, it is con- 

 ceived, " by its containing plii-fpliorus, v.-liich by its union 

 ■R'itli it may be converted into an hcpar, and thus rendcrid 

 fokible in water without its becoming an acid, by t!ic addi- 

 tion of oxygen. Piiofphorns, it is fnppofcd, is probably as 

 neeeiiary an ingredient in vegetable as in animal bodies; ivliich 

 appears by the phofphorio hght vilible on rotten wood dur- 

 ing fome ftagcs ot putrcfadion ; in which, it is fuppofed, llie 

 phofphorus is fct at lib.i ty Irom the calcareous earth, or 

 from the fixed alkali, or Irom the carbon of the decompofiiig 

 wood, and acquires oxygtn from the atmofplicre ; and both 

 warmth and hght are emitted during t'.'.cir union. But phof- 

 phorus may, perhaps, more frequently exift in the form of 

 pholphoric acid in vegetables, and may thus be readilv unit- 

 ed with their calcareous caith, and may be feparated from 

 its acid, by the carbon of the vegetable during calcination, 

 and alfo during putrefaClion, which may be confidered as a 

 flow combulhon. The exiftence of a folution of phofphoric 

 acid and calcareous earth in the vefTtls of animals is proved 

 by the an::ual rer.ovation of the Ihells of crab-filh, and by 

 the fabrication of the egg-ihells in f-male birds ; and is oc- 

 cafionally fecreted, where it cements the wounds made on 

 fnail fliells ; or where it joins the prefent year's growth of a 

 fnail (tiell to the part where a membranous cover had been 

 attached for the protection of the animal during its Hate of 

 hybernation ; and lallly, it is further evident from the 

 growth of the bones cf quadrupeds, and from the depofition 

 af callus to join them when they have been broken." It is 

 therefore contended, that " many arguments may be ad- 

 duced to fliow, that calcareous earth, cither alone, or in 

 fome of the dates of combination, mentioned above, may 

 contribute to the nourifhiuent and fupport of both animalsand 

 vegetables. Flrft,becaufe calcareous earth conftitutes a con- 

 fiderable part of them, and muft ot courfe be either received 

 from without, or formed by theiri, or both ; and fccondly, 

 becaufe from tiie analogy of all organic life, whatever has 

 compofed a part of a vegetable or animal, may again, after 

 its chemical iolution, become a part of another vegetable or 

 animal ; iuch, it is oblerved, is the tranlmigration of matter. 

 See Lime and Manure. 



Calcareous manures, are all fuch as abound in calcare- 

 ous matter. Chalk, po'.mded lime-ftone, lime, calcareous 

 marl, (hells, and various other fubltances of a hmilar kind are 

 of this defcription. They are found particularly beneficial 

 on all the lliffer forts of foil when made ule of in due pro- 

 portions. 



Calcareous foils, fuch as are conftitutcd of this fort of 

 material in a large proportion. From their dry and friable 

 nature, foils of this nature are in general well fuited to the 

 grov"th of moll forts of grain, as well as fome plants of the 

 artificial grafs kind, fuch as clover, faint-foin, &c. See Soil. 



CALCAREOUS_^t!;-. See LiME-STONE. 



CALCARIA, in Ancient Geography, thought by fome 

 to be Calijfane, a city of Gallia Narbonnenfis, upon the Au- 

 relian way, weft of Aquae Sextia;. 



Calcaria, a town of Ancient Britain, 9 miles from 

 Eburacum and zo miles from Cambodunum, according to 

 the Itinerary of Antonine, placed by fome at Tadcailer, by 

 others at Newton-kyme. 



CALCAYLARES, in Geography, a jurifdiftion of 

 Soutn America, in the country of Peru, fitnate between 

 Cufco and the fea, and commencing 4 leagues weft of the 

 city of Cufco. The air in this jurifdidtion excels that of 

 all the other provinces, and accordingly it produces an ex- 

 uberance of all kinds of grain and fruits. In the hotteft 

 parts called " Lares" were formerly very large plantations 

 of fugar canes, but for v.ant of hands to cultivate them, 



they arc now fo diminilhtd, tliat iiidcad of 60 or 80,000 

 arobas wliich they aniuially produced, tiity are now re- 

 duced to lefs than 30 ; but the fugar is of iuch an txcellcnt 

 kind, that without any other preparation ihan that ol the 

 coinitr)', it is equal both in colour and hardncfs to the re- 

 fined fugar of Europe. This diminution of its fugar has 

 greatly leffened the principal branch of its commerce. ' 



CALCEARIUM, or Cai.ciarh m, in Antiquity, a- 

 donative, or largcfs bcflowcd on the Roman foldurs for 

 buying (hoes. In the monallerics, cnhearhim denoted the 

 daily fervice of cleaning the (lioes of the religious. 



CALCEDONIANS, a denomination given by Copt 

 writers to the Melchites, on account of their adherence 

 to the council of Calccdon. Sec Cothti, Monophv- 



SITES, &c. 



CALCEDONTUS is a term ufed by the jewellers 

 for a dcfeft in fome precious Hones , when, in turning them,, 

 they find wliite fpots, or ilains, like thofe of the caked 'ny, 

 or chalcedony. This defeft is frequent in granates and 

 rubies. The lapidaries ufually remedy it by hollowing the 

 bottom of the Hone. 



CALCEDONY. See Chalcedony. 



CALCENA, in Geography, a town of Spain in Arra- 

 gon ; 1 4 miles S. of Tarragona. 



Calcena, a term ufed by fome medicinal writers to 

 denote a morbid tartareous humour in the body. 



CALCEOLARIA, in Botany, (from Cal'ceolus, a little 

 flipper.) Slippcrwort. Linn. Mant. 171. Reich. ,^2. Schreb. 

 3y. Willd. 51. Gsrt. 374. La Marck lUuf. 36. JulT. p. 

 120. Vent. vol. ii. p. 297. Clafs and order, dinnJria mo- 

 nogyn'ia. Nat. Ord. Corydales ; Linn.? Scrophularie, 

 Juir. Rkinanthoidcs, Vent. 



Gen. ch. Cal. one-leafed, with foiu", equal, fpreading divi- 

 fiops ; permanent. Cor. monopetaluus, bilabiate, inverted: 

 upper lip very fmall, contrafledly globular; lower lip large, 

 inflated, concave, flipper-fliaped, gaping before. Stain, fila- 

 ments two, very fliort, within the upper lip ; anthers in- 

 cumbent, two-lobcd. Pift. germ fnpcrior, roundifh ;■ 

 ftyle very fhort ; ftigma rather obtufe. Peric. capfulc 

 foir.ewhat conic, two-furrowed, two-celled, two-valved. 

 Seeds numerous, egg-(haped. 



Eff. ch. 6V/)'.v with four equal divifions. Coro//a ringent ; 

 lower lip inflated, concave. Capfiile two celled. 



Sp. I. Cphmata. Linn. Mant. 1 71. Ad. Stock. 1770. t. 

 8. Feuil. Peruv. 3. 12. t.7. Curt. Mag. t. 41. Garrt. tab. 62. 

 f. 4. Lam. Illuft. PI. 15. f. 2. " Leaves winged." Annual. 

 Stem erert, two feet high, round, branched, pubefcent, 

 flightly fwelling at the knots. Leaves oppofite, without 

 lUpules, brittle, pubefcent, foft, fpreading, longer than 

 the intcrnodcs, unequally winged, ot a delicate green co- 

 lour ; leaflets nearly oppofite or alternate, fometimes, as 

 reprefented in Curtis's figure, fo united as to make the leaf 

 only pinnatifid ; fometimes, as in a fpecimcn now before us, 

 from a plant raifed by R. A. Salifbury, efq. completely fe- 

 parate, bluntly ferrated, narrowed at their bafe, and fre- 

 quently decurrent on the common pe-tiole. Flowers yellow, 

 axillary and termina'ing. Cnpfule thin, fweilcd at the bafe, 

 and diminifliing to a pyramidal top, deeply furrowed ; ma- 

 ture valves bilid at the tip ; partition contmry to the valves. 

 Seeds fmall, pale, ma'ked with about fix longitudinal, cre- 

 nulated furrou-s. A native of Pern : introduced into Eng- 

 laid in 177, by fir Jofeph Banks, Dart. 2. C. integri/olia, 

 Willd. Smith icon. ined. I. p. ,3. C. falvix folio, Fenill. Peru. 

 3. t. 7. C. ferrata. Lam. " Leaves lanceolate, wrinkled, fer- 

 rated ; flowers in terminal paniclrs." Smith. Root fibrous. 

 Stem branched, round, two or three feet high. Leaves op- 

 pofite, feffile, bright green above, pubefcent and pale be- 



ivcath.. 



