C. A 1, 



fifatli. /'Vowrr/ yellow, pi-ihinclt^tl. A native of Pcni artd 

 Cli'li. ;■ C. eviilii, Smilh icon, iiieil. i. t. .5. C. clicho- 

 toma, I.n Marck. C. irlegrifolia. Limi. Siipp. ? " Slcm 

 brfiiiciitrd ; leaves e.ijg.fliapctl. fcollopeJ." Stivtli. PiiliU'- 

 cxiit in ail its paits". i'^o^/ aiiininl, iihioiis. Siem (Irndcr, 

 iiHiiul, dichotomoiis, fcveii or eiglit iiuh:^s liij.^ii. Lcaixs 

 lir.all, oppolitc; upper oiics fiffile, nci'.miiiate ; lower oiies 

 •jiflioled ami radier obtufc. Fn-xcrs fmall. yellow, 011 tiiii- 

 p'c peilMnclfS, :!xillary anJ tcniiinstiii};. Found, in Pei 11 by 

 i>ombcv. It (lowered in the royal gard^fu at Paris in ijSi. 



4. C. p^rfoliata, Linn. Sup. Mvitis. Amer. v. j. t. 3. Smilh 

 non. ined. I. t. 4. " Leaves perfoliate, arrow-foaprd, 

 downv on both fides." Smith. A liandfon-.e plant, very 

 different in its appearance from all the otncr.fp.cicj. Sum 

 about a foot and half high, rour:d, pubefc.-nt, branclud. 

 'I,eav!S oppofue, triangular, or ahnolt anow-lbip-d, irrt- 

 cnlaHy toothed, woolly and vvliile beneath. Fkwerj ytl- 

 I0.V, large, in bundles at the tops of the branches, on iin'i)le 

 or branched peduncles. GtilyK lar,';e. BtacUs rcfrmblinj; 

 the le.Tves, but egj-liaotd and fefille, not perfoliate. Found 

 inKew Granada by Miuis, and in Peru by Jufc^h Juflim. 



5. C. crcncln, Willd. -La Ma;ck. " Leaves felF.le, oblong, 

 ae<:te, fcoUoped ; flowers in cymes terminating the Items 

 and branches." Stem about two feet high, downy. Leaves 

 oppofite, almoft embracing tiie ftem, refembHng thofe of 

 Rhinanthus crifta galli, green above, downy and p-de be- 

 neath. Found in Pcr<i by Jofeph Juflieu. 6. C. nfma-.i- 

 KifoWa, WiUd. La Marck. " Lraves linear, very ent-rt, re- 

 flesied at the margin, downy beneath; Hem fmooth." S'.^m 

 about a foot and half h'gh, round, more or lefs branelied. 

 Leaves oppofite, fmooth and vifcous above, efptcially when 

 Touno-. Fltw.-rs yellow ; in terminating cymes on fmooth, 

 vifcous peduncles. Found in Peru by Jof.ph JiiTien. 7. 

 C. planlag'wea, Willd. Smith icon. ined. i. t. 2. La Marck. 

 •' Scapes with few flowers ; leaves rhomb-rtiaped, ferratrd." 

 Leaves only from the root, veined, fmooth, fringed with 

 jointed hairs, Uirrowed at their bafe into petioles, about 

 two inches long. Scapes two or tiitet, as long agani as the 

 leave«, with two yellow flowers. Found by Commcrfon at 

 the Straits of Magellan. 8. C. ;wiia, Willd. Smith icon. 

 ined. I. t. I. C. uniflora. La Marck. PI. 15. f. ,^ " .'^capcs 

 ene-flowered ; leaves egg-fliaped, very entire." Smith. 

 Leaves all radical, fcarcely an inch long, fmooth, narrowed 

 into a petiole at their bafe. S:apes as long again as the 

 leaves. Flo-wers large, yellow, fpotted with red ; upper Hp 

 very Ihort, vaulted ; lower lip elongated, pendulous, and fwtl- 

 ling ; edge membranous, folded back, angular. Found at 

 the Straits of Magellan by Commerfon. g. C- FolherglUii, 

 Willd. Alton. Kcw. I. t. I. La Marck. PI. 15. f. J. 

 copied from Hortns Kewenfis. " Leaves fpatulaie, very 

 entire ; peduncles in the form of fcapcs, one flowered." 

 Biennial. Stems fcarcely an inch high, fubdivided near the 

 root. Lea-jes fcarcely an inch long, oppofite, many-nerved, 

 obtufe, hairv above, narrowed mlo petioles. Peduncles foli- 

 tary or in pairs, twice the length of the leaves. Divifions 

 of the calyx acute, bent in at the end, hairy without. Up- 

 per lip of the corolla yellow, ereft, vaulted, a little (horter 

 than the calvx ; lower hp defcending, four times as long as 

 the upper, dilated in front, inflated, pale yellow underneath, 

 above red at the fides, in front yellow with red fpots, near 

 4he palate yellow ; aperture large, open ; filaments inferled 

 into tlie fides of the corolla at the bafe of the aperture ; 

 anthers ronndilh, large ; (lyle thick, the length of the 

 ■ftamens ; lligma thickened, flat. A native of Falkland 

 jflands, introduced by Dr. Fothergi'l in 1772. 



Propagation and Culture. — The firft and the lad are th« 

 only ones hitherto cultivated in England. The firll may 



C A L 



be eafily r?.ifed from feeds fown on a gentle hot-bed in the 

 fprinrr : the feedlir.gs, when of a proper fize, may be tranf- 

 pianted into tlie borders of the flower garden, where they 

 will flower, ripen, and fcatter their feeds ; but being a deli- 

 cute plant, it apoears to moll advantage in a tan-itove, in 

 which, as it will grow from cuttings, it may be had in 

 flower all t'.ic year, by planting them m fucceflion. Curlif. 



CALCEOLARIA (Lccf.). See Viola Calceolaria^ and ; 

 Oppojit'i folia. 



CALCEOLUS, a genus formed by Tourncfort corre- 

 fpon'ding with cypripedium of Linnxns. Tournefort's name 

 is that of neavly ad the old authors. 



Calceouus Lnppav.wn (Scheff Lap.). Sec Aconitum 

 Lscofloiium. 



Calceolus Phillppenfls (Petiv.). See K.c:.:prf.RiA 

 Gauingn. 



CALCHAS, in Faltikus Hijlory, a famous diviner, 

 who followed the Greek army to Troy. He is faid to have 

 predicted, that the fiege of Troy would lail ten years, and 

 that the fleet, which was detained in tiie port of Aulis by 

 contrary wird",, would not fet fail till Agamemnon's daughter 

 had been facrificed to Diana. After the capture of Troy, 

 he i,< faid to have retired to Colophon, and to have died 

 there with grief, becaufe he cnuld not divine what another 

 man of iiis own profeflion, called Mc^pfu'', difcovcred ; thus 

 fullillhig a prcdiflion mentioned by SophocLs, according to 

 which, Calchas was to die as foon as he flionld meet vi-ith 

 his maftrr in the art of divining. If Snidas is to be cre- 

 dited, one of the Sibyls was Chalcas's dauglitcr; iter name 

 was La-iipafa ; he calls her the Colophonun ; and afcribes 

 to her f me oracles in verfe. Gen. Dii£l. 



CALCHOPHO.VOS lapis, among tlie ancients, a name 

 give:i to a ftoae of a black colour and confiderable hardnefs, 

 wn ch w'len cut i'lto thin plates, a"d ilruck againll by any- 

 other hard body, gave a found like that of brafs ; it feems 

 to have been one ot the hard black marbles. 



CALCIATnA, '\n Geography, a town of Naples, in the 

 proviiice of Bafiiicata ; 16 milcs S.E. of Acerenza. 



CALCIFRAGA, in Botany, (Lobel.j See Crith- 

 MUM ma it':mnm. 



C.\l-.\Hi'KP\.G\JS, Jlone-brealing, an appellation given 

 by fume to the fcolopendrium ; by others to pimpernel, on 

 accou.it ot t'icir hthoniriptic quality. 



CALCIMURITE, m Mhieralo^^y, a fpecies of earth or 

 ftone, in which mdgnilia is mixed with a notable proportion 

 of calcareous earth and fo ne iion. The colour is blue or 

 olive-ifreeii, of the conliltency of clay : the latter contains 

 no aigil, but merely ca'caieous earth and magnelia tinged 

 w,th iron : the former contains a larger proportion of cal- 

 careous earth. Both are found near Thionvil'e: the former 

 IS ufed by potters. Kirwan's Ei. Min. vol. i. p. 146. 



CALCINARA, in Geography, a town of Italy, in the 

 ducny of Tufcany : 1 1, miles E. of Pifa. 



CALCINATION. In general, a fubftance is faid to 

 be calcined when it has been expofed to heat of a fuffieient 

 inteiifity to drive off every thing volatile, but (hort ot that 

 requifite for its fufion. A calx, therefore, was underllood 

 by the ancient chemilts, to be a pulverulent fubllance no 

 longer conibnltible or capable of further alteration by fire 

 than that of vitrifadtion. 



As molt of the metals were found to be reducible to fuch 

 a form by a continuance of a melting heat, the term calces of 

 metals was lonj; particularly appropriated to them, and is 

 Itill partially retained, though it has been chiefly fupplaiited 

 by the more charatteri.lic appellation of oxyd, which expn (Tes 

 the peculiar change that occurs in calcining metallic bodies 

 by the abforption of oxygen. Calcination, therefore, ex- 



prelfes 



