C A L 



C A L 



prefTi.;; the mode (or at leaft one mode), by wViicli, in mctaK', 

 tliiA cl.angL- is prodiiCL-d, and oxidation the circumjiaiice of 

 chaiipe. It is, lio-.vtvcr, obvioiifly improper to conlidcr the 

 term calcination as fynoiiynioiis with oxidat'ci, even in fpeak- 

 in^ ot mtt.iif, fijice the trnc orijrinal fenlff of the tormcr 

 term impHes the an;ency of fire i whereas, oxidation may be 

 prodnced a^ well by the action of acids, as by heat and air. 

 Of the calces, o.r calcin<-d belies, in whicli the chan/e is 

 totally independent of the ablorption cf oxygen, rtilcinccl 

 Jl'inls, calcined plajlcr of Paris, z\\i\ calcined hcrtjijorn , are com- 

 Hion examples. 



Calcination ofgoldandJUverbyehBric'itv, was cffc^ed 

 by Mr. Canton, who, by the hrat of electrical cxploiions, 

 produced nnmberlefs beaiif.fnl globules of tranfparent clafs, 

 and alfo others tinged v\ith all the v-'rieties of colour from 

 thofe inctals. He made it alfo probable that the black dull 

 difcharged from the bra.s chain, and other pieces of metal 

 in fuch experiments, is the calx orglafs of the metal reduced 

 to fmaller particles than the laws of optics require to pro- 

 duce colour. Hid of Eletl. edit. 1775, vol. ii. p. i<j2. H.e 

 Electrical Buttery. 



CALCINATO, in Genrraphy, a town of Italy, in the 

 Btrgamafco; fcven miles b E. of Bergamo. 



Calcinato, a town of Italv, belorging to the Hate of 

 Venice, in the Breflan, wh re the Imperial troops were de- 

 feated by the duke of Vendume, in 1706 ; eight miles S. E. 

 of Brifcia. N. l.it. 45° 25'. E. long. 9'^ ^r^ . 



CALCINl'lLLA, in Conchology, the name given by 

 Adaiifon to the Ma-'.^ra- p'perata of Poirel. See Piptrata. 



CALCINELLE of Adanfon, the Gmeliniau Vlnus 



BEALBATA. 



CALCIS Os, in j^iutomy. See Os calcis. 



CALCITRAPA, in BoUmy. (Hal. Helvet. p. 19J, 

 lf;4.) See Centaur 1 A fnljlitialis and calcilrnpa. 



Calcitrapa lutca. (Va:l. aCt. 1718, p. 212.) See Cen- 

 . taurea eriopbora. 



CALCITRAPOIDES, (Ifu. Paris, 1719, 9.) See 

 Cektaurea Jfnardi. The calcitrapi form a feclion in the 

 genus ceiitaurea of Linnseus, which conlirts of fuch fpccies 

 as have the fpines of the calyx compound. JniTRii has formed 

 a diltinft gei.us for them, in which he has b.en followed by 

 Gsertner, VenLenat and Bofc. The name is a hybrid pro- 

 dudlion from the Latin calx, the fole of the toot, and the 

 Greek Tf-Tii, which fignities to turn, and was fuggeltcd by 

 the refeniblance of the calyx, in ihefe plants, to a machine 

 ufed in war, confifting of {liarp fpikes, which turn on an 

 axle when touched with the foot. It is called by the French 

 cbauffe-trape. See Centaurea. 



CALCUA, or Nalcoa, in Ancient Geog^raphy, a town 

 of ilie Atrebatii, in Ancient Britain, generally agreed to 

 have been the fame with the Cnlleva, in the Itinerary of An- 

 tonine, placed 22 miles from Venta Bclgarum, or Winchef- 

 ter. Antiquaries are much divided about the precife fitua- 

 lion of this place. See Atrebatii. 



CALCULARII, in Antiquity, a fort of jugglers who 

 practifed flight of hand. Their art confided in laying feve- 

 ral calculi, or counters on the table, then covering them 

 with cups, and (hifting and changing them with dexterity, 

 like what is pradlifed by our jugglers. 



CALCUl-ARY of a pear, a congeries of little ftony knots 

 difperftd through the whole parenchyma of the fruit. 



The Cclculary is no vital or elfential part of the fruit ; 

 the fcveral knots whereof it confills being only fo many con- 

 cretions or precipitations out of the lap, as we fee in 

 urines, vi:ies, and other liquors. 



CALCULATION, the ad of computing fevcral fums, 

 by adding, fubtrailing, multiplying, or dividing. See 



Artthmftic; All error in calculation is never proteQidi 

 or lecuiid, by avy fentincc, decree, &c. In iiating ac- 

 counts, there is always underllood, fah'O errorr cnUtdt. 



The word calculus is ufed in ihib fenfe, in allufion to the 

 praf^ice ot the ancients, who ufed ndculi, or hltle llo!'es, 

 in making compulations, in tak'iig fulfiagcs, and in kccpiig 

 accounts, &c. as we now ufe counters, figures, &c. 



A merchant or trader is faid to have been niillaken in li'» 

 calcidation or accounts, when I c lias happened to lake taHs 

 meafuirs, and hiis not fuccecdcd in his undertakings io will 

 as he expeiitcd. 



Calculaiion is more particularly ufed to fi<»nify th.e 

 compulations in al'ronomv and geometry, for m;'ki"g tables 

 of logarithms, eDlienicrides, finding the times of ecliplcs» 

 &c. 



Calculation of clock and watch tvork. Sec Ci.eiCK and 

 Watch- WORK. 



Calculation, in mtifie. D'.AItmbert, aid many other 

 theories, and eminent mathematicians, arc of opinion, that 

 the c/deiilation of ratios is of no ufe in praclieal mufic : 

 Inppoling that a good tar and llrong hand oa ii'Ilriimeiits 

 where the tone depends on the pcrtornicr, are a mulician's 

 bell guides for true intonarion. In the prelim. d,lc. to his 

 Ehm. de Muf. 2d edit, the great mathematician cautions 

 theoretical mulicians againll the admiflion ol inalhemalical 

 or metaphylical principles in niufic. On this fubjcCt, he 

 fays : " it would be abfurd to expecl what is cailcd dcmon- 

 flralion : it is an achievement of nofmall importance, to have 

 reduced the principal fads to a fyiUin conlillent with itfelf 

 and firmly connetted with its parts ; to have deduced theru 

 from one finale experiment (the harmonies of a fingle ilring 

 or found ng body), and to have ellablilhcd, on that founda- 

 tion, the n-oll comnon and efTeiit^al rules of the art. In die 

 gefl'ng and compriiring M. Ramean's princ'plcs, I had r.» 

 defire to multiply his calculations : I rather \vi(l)ed to fup<- 

 prefs them as much as poffible ; fo much was it to be feared 

 that the generaliiy of reades would be led into a belief, that 

 all this arithmetic was neceffery to form a pradical mufician. 

 Calculation may, indeed, facilitate the intelligence of cer» 

 tain points in theory, fuch as the relation between the tones 

 of the gamnint and temperament : but the calculation ne- 

 ctffary for treating thefe two poi;;ls is fo fimplc and trifling, 

 that it merits no dilplay Let 11s not, therefore, imitate 

 thofe muficiana who believe ihemlelves geometricians, or 

 thofe geomctr-cians who fancy themlclves muficians, and, im 

 their writings, heap figmcs on figures, imagining, pcrhap-, 

 that this dilplay is nccefiary to the art. The ambition ot 

 giving to their prodnttions a fclentilic appearance, impof'ts 

 only on the ignorant, and has no other effect than to render 

 their treatiles more obfcure, and lefs inllruclivc." 



CALCULATOR, a machine contrived and conftrufled 

 by Mr. Fergufon, in the ihape of an orrery, for exhibiting 

 the motions of the earth and moon, and rcfolving a v.riely 

 of agronomical problems. Sec an account of the- conflruc- 

 tion, figure, and ufe of this machine, in Fergufon's Allro- 

 nomy, 410. p. 28'i, occ. 



CALCULATORES, in ylnliquily, accomptants who 

 reckoned their fums by calculi. There were fevcral fervanis 

 under this denomination in great families. Children alio at 

 fchool were taught to pradtife the fame. In the ancient 

 canons we find a fort of diviners or enchanters, ccr.furid 

 under the denomination of calcuinloret. 



CALCULUS, primarily denotes a little ftore, pebble, or 

 counter, anciently iilcd in making computations, taking of 

 fuffragcs, playing at tables, and the like. Hence the phrafe 

 fonere calculos, to denote a feries of rcafoss, aid a muhitnde 

 of others alluding to the ufe of iheic culculi in accounts. 

 5 CompuiilU 



