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India, tlicvtiiity cf this mcafure lins been qiiefiioned, and 

 tlie cxpcHcf of it miift liave been enormous. In(lni£lion, in 

 tht native dialei^t, is, in (lencial, the only rcquifite to qua- 

 hfy them for the exeicife of tiicir (h:ty, and this they liave 

 Ivitherto received from " Moonfiiecs" at the leifnie hours 

 tliat are not employed in their different vocations. Accord- 

 ingly the court of diredors have abolifhed this college ; 

 and they are at this time forming an cftablifhment at home 

 vhich is likely, under proper condndl, to anfwer the pur- 

 pofe at a nnich lefs expence. 



Notwith Handing the perfetlion to which the medical art 

 lias arrived by long experience, and its happy cfTeft in prc- 

 fcrving the hves of mimv Europeans ; and the knowledge 

 that has been acquired with relpeol to the fevers and the 

 whole train of bilious complaints that are incidental to ihe 

 ■country, and with refpecl to ibe moll efficacious mode of 

 treating them; the climate of India proves a feverc trial to 

 every European couftitution. Many fall facrifices to its 

 firft attacks ; many more linger on in a Hate of increafing 

 dibilitv, and painful difeafe ; and otherr, who for years con- 

 tinue to combat its influence, apprtheiidmg that the conflift 

 mull terminate fatally, are glad to retreat to Europe, there 

 10 eke out, or to luifband the remains of life. A fallow 

 and livid complexion is fo univcrfal in Bengal, that wh n 

 you behold a lace of the rofeate hue, yoa may venture to 

 pronounce that its owner is newly arrived. Even in tTie 

 ordinary health of perfons not fuppofcd to be materially in- 

 jured by the climate, they are capable of little exertion or 

 fatigue; and in the hot feal'on of hardly any at all. It is 

 not uncommon to find, at that period, all the officers of a 

 battalion, except perhaps one or two, incapable of doing 

 duty ; and this without any extraordinary or alarming com- 

 plaint. The fair fex are almoft equally liable with the men 

 to fuffer by the climate. Their regularity is often more 

 ■uniform, and their e.'ipofure to the weather lefs frequent ; 

 yet there is hardly a tingle female complexion in Bengal 

 that retains the bloom of health. Formerly female adven- 

 turers in India were few ; but highly fuccefsful. Embol- 

 dened by their fiiecefs, and encouraged by their example, 

 fuch numbers have em.barked in this Ipcculation, as threaten 

 to defeat its purpofe. The irregularities of our government, 

 which formerly afforded an opportunity to fome of rapidly 

 .eccumulating wealth, and enabled them to marry, are now 

 •in 3 great meafure done away. Few comparatively find 

 themfelves in circiimfcances that invite to matrimonial en- 

 gagements ; and on this account a number of nntortunate 

 females are feen wandering for years in a fingle and uncon- 

 n;£led ftate. Some are annually found to abandon the for- 

 lorn hope, and return to Europe, after ttie lofs of beauty, 

 too frequently their only property. 



Having mentioned the " black hole" at Calcutta, which is 

 become proverbial among F.ngliflimcnfora place of infufferable 

 'torment, we (hall now recite lome further paniculars concern- 

 ing the tragic event to which we have referrtd. When Sur 

 ajaliDowlah in 1756 reduced Calcutta, the EngliHi prifoners 

 to the number of 146, of whom Mr. Hohvell was one, were 

 coulined in the bln.ck hole prifon. It was about eight 

 .o'clock v.'hen thcfe 146 unhappy perfons, exhauftcd by con- 

 tinual aftion and fatigue, were thus crammed together into 

 a dungeon about eighteen feet fqnar.€, in a clofe fultry night 

 in Bengal; (hut up to the eaft and fouth, the only quarters 

 from whence air could reach them, by dead walls, and by a 

 w 111 and d ;or tc the north ; open only to the well by two 

 windows, ftrongly barred with iron, from which they could 

 receive fcarce any circulation of fredi air. 



They had been but few minutes confined before every 

 one fell into a peifpiration fo profufe, that no idea can be 



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fermeJ ofit. This brought on a raging thirR, which in- 

 crcyCed in proportion as the body whs drained of its moif- 

 turc. Various expedients were thouglit of to give more 

 room and air. Every man was dripped, and every hat put 

 in motion : they feveral times fat do«n on their hams ; but 

 at each time feveral of the poor creatures fell, and were in- 

 Ilantly fuffocatcd or trod to death. 



Before nine o'clock eveiy man's third grew intolerable, 

 and refpiration d'fBeuIt. Efforts were again made to force 

 the door ; but (liU in vain. Many infults were ufed to the 

 guards, to provoke them to fire in upon the prifoners, who 

 grew outrageous, and many delirious. " Water, water," 

 became the gtueral cry. Some watef was brought : but 

 theie fiii-.plies, like fprinkling water on fire, only ferved to 

 raifc and feed the flames. The confufion became general, 

 and horrid from tiie cries and ravings for water; and fome 

 were trampled to death. This fcene of mifery proved enter- 

 tainment to the brutal wretches without, who fiipplicd them 

 with water, that they might have the fatisfaftioii of i'ceing 

 them fight for it, as they phrafed it ; and held up lights to 

 the bars, that they might lofe no part of the inhuman di- 

 verfion. 



Before eleven o'clock, mod of the gentlemen were dead, 

 and one third of the whole. Third grew intolerable : but 

 Mr. Holwe'l kept his ir.outh moid by fucking the perfpira- 

 tion out of his diirt-fleeves, and catching the drops as they 

 fell, like heavy rain, from his head and face. By half an 

 hour after eleven, moll of the living were in an outrageous de- 

 lirium. They found that water heightened their uneafi- 

 neffes; and " Air, air," was the general cry. Every infult 

 that could be devifed againd the guard, all the opprobrious 

 names that the viceroy and his officers could be loaded with, 

 were repeated, to provoke the guard to fire upon them. 

 Every man had eager hopes of meeting the firll Ihot. Then 

 a general prayer to heaven, to iiaften the approach of the 

 flames to the right and left of them, and put a period to 

 their mifery. Some expired on others ; while a deam arofe 

 as well from the living as the dead, which was very 

 offenfive. 



About two in the morning, they crowded fo much to the 

 windows, that many d'ed llanding, unable to fall by the 

 throng and equal preffure round. When the dav broke, the 

 dench arifing from the dead bodies was infufterable. At 

 that jundture, tlie Sonbah, who had received an account of 

 the havoc death had made among them, fent one of his of- 

 ficers to inquire if the chief furvivcd. Mr. HoKvell was 

 fliown to him ; a:;d near fix, an order came for their releafe. 



Thus they had remained in this mftrnal prifon from eight 

 at night until fix in the morning, when the poor remains of 

 146 fouls, being only 23, came out alive ; but moll of them 

 in a high putrid fever. The dead bodies were dragged out 

 of the hole by the foldiers, and thrown promifcuoudy into 

 the ditch of an unfinldied ravelin, which was afterwards filled 

 with earth. See Bengal. Rennell's Memoirs, Pinker- 

 ton's Geog. vol. ii. Tennant's Indian Recreations, vol. i. 



CALL) A, or Caldum, m ihe y^ncient Diet, denotes hot 

 water, ufed much among the Romans, anciently, as a 

 drink, partly for pleafiire, and partly lor health. 



The word is formed from calia'us, hot ; aqua being under- 

 dood ; calda, q. d. cal'ida aqua. 



Lipfius, Cadalio, Mercurialis, Barcius, and Freindie- 

 mius, have treated largely ik potu calds, or cald'i. Aft. 

 Erud. Lipf. 



CALDAO, in Geography, a river of Portugal, which 

 runs into the fea, at Setuval. 



CALDARA, Antonio, in Biography, and Mufical 

 Hjjlory, was a native of Venice, a great harmonift and com- 



