C A L 



pofer of the old fcliool, and exticmcly voluminous both for 

 tlieclniich and the ilage. His firll opera, yfr^ine, was com- 

 pofed for liis n;itive cily, in i68g, and alitr fuinifliing dif- 

 ferent parts of Italy w itii 12 operas and oratorios, in 1714, 

 he uent to Vie-nna, where he was appointed i'tcond Macllro 

 tii Capclla, uidcr Fouchs, to the Imptrial court, and where 

 liis grave ftyle of writing pleafed the emperor Charles VI. 

 fo much, that he hardly ever employed any other compofcr 

 of facrcd or fvcular nuific than Caldara, till aftir his d<- 

 ceaft in 1736. So that he not only fet moll of Apoftolo 

 Zino's operas for the firll time, but 13 of his oratorios ; and 

 uas the (iril compofer of Metartafio's operas and oratorios, 

 during the firll fix or feven years of iiis rcfidcnce at Vienna. 



The malTes and motets that we hare fcen of his compofi- 

 tion, are admirable ; a gravity of Jlyle, a purity of har- 

 mony, learning, ficility, and correftuefs in the textme of 

 the parts, are m;uiifeft in them all; but with his fecular mu- 

 f:e, wc are little acejuainted ; Metallafio, in his letters, fecms 

 to complain of his want of invention, talle, and elegance, 

 m letting his dramas ; and he firll let leven of his belt pro- 

 dudlions for the. Imperial theatre. 



Metsftafio began his Imperial laureatfliip at Vienna in 17 -Ji, 

 by writing an oratorio, Sjrit' ^'EJttui in Ciihhirio." His firll 

 operatherewas"AdriaTioin8vria;" the fecond, "Demetrio;" 

 tben"01impi;)de,""L'Ar:lod'Amore,""LeGrazic,""De- 

 moteonte,"" LaCitmcnza diTito," "Ciroriconofcinto,"and 

 "Zenobia." All thefe kvere ftt to niufic by Culdara ; but there 

 mull have been fome material deficiency ol ilyle or inven- 

 tion, which prevented this mufic from penetrating into the 

 rell of Eurnpc ; for thefe admirable dramas were never 

 heard of till ihey had been fet by other compofers. 



CALDAilADI Caravaggio, Polidoro. See Po- 



■LIDORO. 



CALDARIA Judkiurla, the method of trial, or purga- 

 t'lan by boiling water. See Ordeal. 



CALDARIUM, in ihe yfndent Bn/is, denoted a brazen 

 vcflel or cillern, placed in the hypocaulUim, full of hot 

 water, to be drawn thence into the pi/ciria, or bath, to give 

 it the neceffary degree of heat. 



In this feufe, the caldarluin flood contradillinguifltcd from 

 the Up'ular'mm ar^d/rigiclarit/m. 



Caldarium alio denoted the Hove, or fudatory, being a 

 clofe vsulted room, wherein by hot dry fucries, without wa- 

 ter, people were brought to ;i profufe fweat. 



In which fenfc, cahlarium was the fame with what was 

 Gther«'ife denominated vapo: arium, fiidatorium, and lacoinum ; 

 in the Greek baths, hypocaujhtm, i/Voxxu-o>. 



Caldarium £s, denotes PoT-injtal. 



CALDAS, in Geography, a fmall town of Portugal, in 

 the province of Ellremadura, a league from Obidos, and j 3 

 miles E. of Peniche ; much frequented for its fulphurcous 

 waters. The town is built in an irregular quadrangulaC 

 form, and the houfes are fmall, generally coufilling merely 

 of a ground- floor, and only a few of them iiavc windows. 

 To this place the rich merchants and principal nobility of 

 Lifbon refort twice a year, w'z. in May and September. 

 Over the warm fpring is a fpacious and handfome bathing- 

 houfe, and adjoining to it an hofpital for poor patients. Be- 

 Cdes the fprings ufcd for drinking, three others fupply four 

 baths : and the united water from all the fprings turns a 

 mill near the bathing houfe. 



Caldas de Rcy, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, 20 miles 

 fouth of Santiago. 



CALDER, a town of Mid-lothian in Scotland, is fitu» 

 ■ated in a pieafant country, at the dillance of j 2 miles weft 

 of Ediuburgh. Here are two annual fairs, and a weekly 

 market; but a» there are no manufactories, the population 



Vol- V. 



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is but fmall. In 179:, it amounted to 562 inhabitants. 

 A fliort dil'ancc well of the town, is Calder-houfc, the feat 

 of lord Torphichcn. This manfion is memorable in th« ec- 

 clefiallical liillory of Scotland, as the place where the Sa- 

 crament was firll adminiflcrcd after the reformation. The 

 ceremony was performed by John Knox, the celebrated re- 

 former ; a portrait of whom is preferved in the houfe. 



Calder, a river of England, which runs into the Aire, 

 about two miles N. of Pontefraft in Yorklhire. It is navi- 

 gable to Halifax. Alfo a river, which runs into the llibble, 

 three miles S. of Cliiheroe in I^ancafliirc. 



Caldir Water, a river of Scotland, which runs into the 

 Clyde, about five miles above Glafgow. 



CAI.DERA, a fea-port of South America, in the coun- 

 try of Chili, on the copft of the Pacific Ocean, two leagues 

 N.E. by E. from the lee of an ifland at the mouth of the 

 river Copiapo. S, lat. 27". \V. long. 7". 



CAEDERINI, DoMiTio, in Biography, an eminent 

 philologill, was born about the year I44f', at Torri, in the 

 territory of Verona, and at the age of 24 years, he was in- 

 vited, in confequence of the recommendation of cardinal 

 Beflarion, by pope Paul II. to the proiefTorfliip of belles 

 lettres at Rome. In this oflice !;e continued, under Six- 

 tu6 IV. and died in I478, in the flower of his age. All his 

 fcholars attended him to bis grave in ii\ourning. He was 

 much diflinguifhed by the afiiduity of his literary labouis, and 

 printed commentaries upon Martial, Juverial, Virgd, Ovid, 

 Statius, andPropertius, and feveral others of the Latin poets : 

 he alfo publiflicd a tranflation of the two firll books of Pau- 

 fanias, into Latin. He, mor<.'over, cultivated jurifprudcnce, 

 philofophy, and mathematics, and exercifed himfelf fuccefs- 

 fully in Latin poetry. He is reckoned one of the literary 

 wonders of his age. Tirabofchi. 



CALDERINO, in Geography, a place of Italy, in the 

 Veronefc, celebrated for its baths, called " the baths of Ve- 

 rona." 



CALDERO, a remarkahle moimtain in the gulf of Ve- 

 nice, which is a guide at fea for the harbour Rovignoi 

 which fee. 



Caldero, Cape., lies on the north coall of South America, 

 W. of Otchier bay, and about 12 leagues E. by S. from 

 the Caracas fort, called the White Cape. It lies nearly 

 S. or a little wellv.-ard from the weft end of Margarita 

 Ifland, on the coall of the Spanifh main. 



CALDERON, df. la Bana, Dom. Pedro, m Biogra- 

 phy, a celebrated Spanifli dramatic writer, flourifhed about 

 the year 1640, and after having borne arms, and fullained 

 the rank of a knight of the order of St. James, became an 

 ecelefialtic, and a priell and canon of Toledo. Turni'-g his 

 attention to the theatre, he -acquired the reputation of the 

 moll copious and efteemed writer for the llage, in Spain, 

 and was fometimes denominated the Spanifh Shakfpeare. 

 The fertility of his invention, and the tafte of his age and 

 country, rendered him incorrcft in the obfervance of the 

 rules of the dranria, and very unequal in his ftyle and com- 

 pofition. His characters are unnatural, and his diftion in- 

 flated. His chief excellence confifted in the contrivance of 

 plots, which are full of bufinefs, and abound in intricacies 

 happily relolved in the catallrophe. Moft of his works 

 were collected and publifhcd at Madrid, in nine vols. 4to. 

 16S9; the three firft containing his comedies, and the fix 

 laft, a number of dramatic pieces on religious fubjefts, hke 

 the Old Mylleries, under the title of " Autos Sacramen- 

 tales." His fcanty knowledge of hiflory has betrayed him 

 into feveral blunders. Nouv. Ditt. Hift. 



Caldf.ron, in Geography, lies on the coaft of Coroman- 

 del, in India, fix leagues N. from Tranquebar. 

 .5C 



