C A L 



C A L 



the r 

 f 



completed diis bloody tragedy, which has afTorded a flriking- 

 fuhK-ft b'Jth to liiftory and poi.nry,he returned to Damafcus 

 witli tlie fume fecrecy and fpeed. 



On the accelfion of Omar, who fuccecded Abiibekcr in | 

 the caliphate, Caled was rcmovtd from the command ; and 

 "■f.'iil a-iii tcrmnatcd Wn txpJditloti by the capture of it was again transferred to the more gentle and conciliatory 

 v,-.trs. aud the extiiiAion of the Abu Obcidaii. The army expreffcd their difTatisfaftion with 



'ihftanding th 



rjbdi:;(!. IT* afltrwarJj obtained o more importatit 



■iijr Mofcilanu. who fcl! in tiic battle, 



Dilotttri were coitipcllid to embrace 



• lahomct. In his fubftquciit invatioii uf 



t province of Babylon, he was eminently 



i'k ty Hir-i ne.uthc- Euphrates, aud t! 



■ i.n, which took its uame from that capital. From 

 ! ..c he^^iJ fammoncd into Syria to fuppurt the Mol- 

 lem» unJcr the command of Abu Obcida;.', v.-ho 1-ad met 

 with foeral checks from the Greeks ; and being appouittd 

 lo fuperfcdi! that /eneral. h- foon changed the alpcA of 

 jffiTi. HavinjC re'cued the detachment that bcfieged Bof- 

 tr.i, he iincllcJ thio place, and, aided by treacliery, took it. 

 To the inhabitants who futd for quarter, he fliewcd himfelf 

 uimfuilly merciful, and rellraiued the carnage wiiich they 

 were fufltrin,:. On his arrival before pauiafcus, he vau- 

 Quiihed by bis pcrfonal valour two Chritlian commanders, 

 and on their rcfufal to embrace idamifm, put them to 

 death in cold blood. Having coUedcd a powerful body of 

 Moflemsat Aizaadin, in the ye\r 6;j, he totally difcomliced 

 \Verdan, the general of Heraclius, and dcllroytd the great- 

 ell part of hia army. During the progrcfs of the fiege of 

 Damafcus, many exploits of valour were performed by both 

 partiei ; at length, however, the fiege having been prolonged 

 o days, the inhabitants fought refuge in the mild and 



this change ; but Caied, notwiihftanding the charatteriftic 

 ferocity of his temper, fubmitted to ic with magnanimity ; 

 and having caufed Omar to be proclaimed caliph at Damaf. 

 cus, refi'Tned his command without hefitation, declaring- 

 hi» rcadinefs to fervc tiie Miiffulmau qaufe in any poll whiclii 

 it (hould pleale the head of the rc'i^i'iu to affgn him. Soon' 

 afterwards his adtivity and enterpiue v.-rre of fignal fervice 

 in relieving a party of the Mofleins, who bftdincautioully 

 nioiched to plunder a famous monallery in the neij'hbour- 

 hood of Abyla, and wlio were furroundtd by a iruch fu-- 

 perior force. Caled himf^lf had been relieved in fimilar eir.- 

 cumllances of danger, on a recocnoitering party, by a de-- 

 tachment fent by Abu Obeidah. Under thlb chief Ca- 

 kd fcrved in Syria and Mefopo;ai'ii^, and he aKvays dif» 

 tin.;uiflied hlmfclf in fcalons of peculiar difficulty and peril. 

 Of his fnbfrquent exploits the moll eminent was the vidloryj 

 obtained by him in the battle of Ycrmuk, A. D. .'556 ; onl 

 which interefiing occalion the public voice, and the raodelly.- 

 of Abu Obeidah reftored tiis command to him, who was* 



Btncrous difpo'.ilion of Abu Obeiduh from the fury of ellcemed the moll deferving of the Moflern^. The combat' 



Caled, and lUpulated to furrender the place on moderate 

 terms. In the mean while Caled interpofed, prevented 

 the execution of the treaty, aud with lavage ferocity, put 

 to the fword all that came i:i his way ; and meeting with 

 Abu Obcidah, who was peaceably entering the city, a con- 

 ttll enfued ; ok* infilling on the right of the fword, and the 

 other urging tlie facrednefs of a capitulation. Caltd in the 

 iffuc yielded to the pleas of mercy and true policy ; and the 

 fword was Iheathed, on condilion ot admitting to tribute 

 and toleration of religion thofe inhabitants who chofe to 

 continue in the city. The adherents of Thomas, however, 

 who had fought under his banner in the defence of the city, 

 embraced the alternative of poverty and exile. Accordingly 

 in an adjacent meadow they formed an encampment of priells 

 and laymen, of foldicrs aud citizens, of women and children; 

 and being allowed to take with them their moll precious 

 moveables, and arms neceffary for their defence, they pre- 

 pared to abandon their native homes. Caled, whufe inflex- 

 ible foul was not touched by the fpetlacle of their diilrefs, 

 hallencd and incoiimoded their departure; and ilernly declar- 

 ed, th.it altera refpite of three days, they might be purfued 

 and treated as the enemies of the Moflems. Unfated with blood 

 and vengeance, and further urged by the intreaties of Jonas, 

 a noble Damafcene, whufe betrothed fpoufe had accom- 

 panied the fugitives, Caled at the head of 4000 horfe, in 

 the difguife of Chrillian Arabs, undertook the purfuit. Ac- 

 cordingly he traced their march acrofs the mountains of 

 Libanus, encountering incredible hardfliips, to the vicinity 

 of Laodicca, and in a pleafant valley where they had pitched 

 their tents, rufhed on the promifcuous multitude, infufli- 

 cienlly provided with arms, and already vanquilhed by for- 

 row and fatigue. In conftquence of this furious onfet and 



was obllinute and bloody ; 4030 of the Muflcms were bu- 

 ried in the fisld of battle ; and the (1-iill of the Armenian-" 

 archers enabled 70D to boall that they had loft an eye in 

 that meritorious fervice. The Syrian veterans acknowl.-dgedi 

 that it was the hardeft and moll doubtful of the days which- 

 they had feeu ; but it was likewife the moll decifive.. 

 Many thoufands of the Greeks and Syrians fell by the- 

 fwords of the Arabs ; many were flaughtered, after the de- 

 feat, in the woods and mountains ; many, by miftakin^ 

 the fords, were drowned in the waters of the Yermuk ; and 

 however the lofs may be magnified, it was undoubtedly 

 very great. Abu Obeidah, in his letter to the caliph. Hates ■ 

 the number killed to have been ( jo,coo, and the prifoners 

 at 40,000. This computation exceeds all belief. Such was 

 the fuccefs of the Saracens, that the Greek army durll no- 

 longer appear in the field ; and the conquell of Jerufaletn 

 was the fpeedy relult. In 6jS, Caltd took Aleppo, and' 

 he carried his vitlorious arms beyond the Euphrat-..-. He 

 furvived about three years the pcftiience of 659, which prov-' 

 ed fatal to many MufTulman chiefs ; but no account remains 

 of the time or manner of his death. His tomb is fliewn in 

 the neighbourhood of Emefa. The valour of this cham- 

 pion was fupported by fanaticifm ; for as long as he wore 

 a cap, which had been blefled by Mahomet, he deemed 

 himfelf invulnerable. Mod. Un. Hid. vol. i. Gibbon's- 

 Hill. vol. ix. 



CALEDON, in Geography, a fmall town of Ireland, in 

 the county of Tyrone, and province of Ulller, near the river 

 Blaekwater, 70 Irifn miles N. by E. from Dublin. 



CALEDONIA, in Ancient Geography, an appellation by 

 which that part of Great Britain now called Scotland was 

 formerly dillinguiflied. See Scotland. The etj-mology of 



md|fcr,m.uate fiaughter, the Arabs emjoyed the fatisfadion this name, as well as the precife boundaries of the countfy to 



of believing, tiiat not a Chritlian of either fex efcaped the 

 edge of their fcymctars ; and all the rich fpoils of the viftims 

 fell into the hands of the conquerors. In the tumult of the 

 battle Jonas found the object of his purfuit ; but her re- 

 ientment was inflamed by the la!l aft of his perfidy ; and as 

 Eudocia llrugglcd in his hateful embraces, Ihe llruck a datr 



._ I. I. r-'-ll i_i ... .. .. b 



which it h.is been applied, have been varioufly afligned. 

 According to Camden, the appellation of Caledonia is de- 

 rived from the Celtic or Britilh /-a.Wor ca/ed, hard ; whence- 

 Caledonii, fignifying a peopls, harc/y, imci'vtlifcd, and rujlic. 

 Buchanan derives it from the old Scottilh word, caUen, de- 



™,r .„ l..r V.' ,r. Pill 1 . .j' ,• :.>^ noUug 8 ha'/.k-trec. Others fSee Preface to OfTian's Poems, 



^ut , o i!r,'i,,^«l H^ . ' °" ''"^°"^''»". vol.ii.p.4.) compound iu of the two Britifi words caU 

 about i jo mtle, mto the Romn temtory ; a,m having a„d dun, which f.gnify the GauU or Britons of the moun- 



tains,. 



I 



