t. A L 



viJiicli ihey Jcpof.t any tliiiip; out of th^ way. The iiiulqr.;- 

 tof». huivci-iT, arc I'o troublcfonit; iii thefc huts, t!iat they 

 arc obligcJ to li^ht lirts to drive them away when they po 

 It. (Ircp ; and as there is no \cnt for the fmokc, except at 

 the door, thev mull be extremely incunuiioded by it. Near 

 fome of thefe dwtihiigs are little hillocks of earth, 12 or 14 

 inches hi,"!, with a very open trellis in the middle, of the 

 heifrht of two or three yards, tailed by the natives " Nboiict," 

 which arc the graves in which they bury their dc?.d. Thofe 

 in which their tliie!'>, fl.iin in battle, ait interred, are decorated 

 Willi fpe;irb, daits, paddles, &c. lluck upright in the ground 

 about them. Their canoes are made of two trees, hollowed 

 out. having a raifcd gunnel about two inches hii;h, and 

 clofed at each end with a bulk-head of the fame height ; fo 

 that the whole icfembles a long fquare trough abuut three 

 feet fhorter than the body of the canoe. Two canoes thus 

 fitted are faftencd to each other about three feet afunder, by 

 means of crofs-fpars, which project about a foot over each 

 fide, and form a platform. Their mail is fixed at an 

 equal diftancc from the two canoes, and towards the fore- 

 part of the plalf.irm, by which they are joined together. 

 On the platform they have a fiie-iiearth, and generally a tire 

 burning. They arc navigated by one or two latteen fa'ls, 

 extended to a fniall latteen yard, the end of which is fixed in 

 a notch or hole in the deck. Each canoe h.as a large itone, 

 fatleiied to a long rope, which ferves as an anchor. Thefe 

 canois, however, are not fo fltilfully conltruitcd as thofe of 

 the Triendly iflands, to which they are much inferior in point 

 of failing. As the Caledonians arc a warlike people, they 

 are fumifhed with a variety of ofTenfive weapons, as clubs, 

 fpears, darts, a-ul flings for throwing Hones. Moft of thefe 

 illanders are armed with fpears and clubs, and carry at their 

 v.-aifl a little bag full of iloncs, cut into an oval fi.ape, which 

 they throw with llings. Their clubs arc of different forms ; 

 and, as well as their darts and fpears, are curioufly carved, 

 neatly conl\ru6ted, and highly poli(hcd. Their javelins, 

 vvhich are commonly i'-, feet long, are not more than 2-| 

 inclies in C'rcumfcrtnce at the middle. They are peculiarly 

 dextrous in their mode of throwing them, and of accelerating 

 thii," motion. For this purpofe they employ a very elallic 

 cord, made of the covering of the cocoa-nut and fith-ll^in, 

 one extremity of which dicy fix to the end of the fore- 

 finger, and the other which terminates in a foit of round 

 button, is twilled round the end of the dart, but in fuch a 

 manner as to quit its hold as foon as that weapon is thrown 

 into the air. It is fomewhat furprifing that they are unac- 

 quainted with the ufe of bows and arrows. Their language 

 is different from thai of the Friendly illands, though fomeof 

 their terms rcfcmble thofe ufed by the inhabitants of the 

 othrr ifjands. D'Er.trccadtaux has annexed a vocabulary 

 of tlicir language. Their vocal mufic, however agreeable 

 to thcmfclves, is hsrili and difcordant to the ears of Euro- 

 peans. The only mufical inllrument, which they feem to 

 poffefs, is a kind of whiflle, formed of a little polifhed piece 

 of broivn wood about two inches long, ihaped fomewhat 

 like a bell, fufpend^d with a rope fixed at the imall end ; it 

 has two holes near the bafe, and another near the infertion 

 of the rope, all which communicate with one another ; by 

 blowing in the uppermoft, a finill found, like vvhiftling, is 

 produced. Thefe iflanders let lefs value on nails and 

 hatchets than any other inhabitants of the South fea iflands. 

 They appeared, however, to be acquainted \nth iron, for 

 they had a term for txprelTmg it ; but as they ufed hard 

 ftoncs for purpofts to winch iron inllrumtaits might be ap- 

 plied, this metal was lefs important to them than to fome of 

 the other iflanders. The variation of the needle in this 

 iflaad was y° 30' towards the call. The mercury in the 



C A L 



barometer never rofe above 28 inches,"; lines, and a-ioths, 

 and never fell btlow 28 inches, i line, and 4-1 otbs. Not- 

 wi'.hflanding the excefTive heat which the Fitnch voyagers 

 felt on the coall, Reaumur's thermometer never exceeded 

 31;°, and on bnard never rofe above 21°. The tides were 

 rot obfervabie above once a day ; the flood taking place 

 at half pall fix, and the waters, rifing in perpendicular 

 height, 4 feet 7 inches. Of the government and religion of 

 the Caledonians nothing is known. Labillardicrc's Voyng»; 

 in fearch of La Pcroufe. 



CALEDONICA, in OmUhoIory, a fpccics of Ardea, 

 called by Latham the Caledonian night heron, from its bc- 

 inc a native of New Caledonia. The general colour of the 

 plumage is ferruginous, and benepth white : crcft on the 

 hind head of three leathers ; frontlet black ; eye-brow.s 

 white. 



Obf. Thij bird is .''.n inhabitant of various pails of the 

 Aullralafian region; i.s well as New Caledonia. Its length 

 is 23, iiichcs ; bill black ; area of the eyes green ; legs 

 yellow. 



CALEFACIENTIA, in Bledir'we, are thofe fubllances 

 which, when taken internally, increafe the tempeiatnre of the 

 body, or produce a fenfation of local or general warmth. 

 In the language of the prefent day, they are denominated 

 cordials or (timulants. They may produce a fenfation of 

 warmth by their immediate impreflion on the nerves, without 

 any adual increafe of temperature ; but they alfo tend to 

 accelerate the circulation, aird therefore to augment the 

 aftual heat. For it has been afcertained that the animal 

 temperature is generated by the chemical changes which 

 take place in the blood in the courfe of circulation, in con- 

 fequence of the abforption and evolution of different gaf ous 

 fluids. Whenever, therefore, the rapidity of the circulation 

 at large is increafcd by general fiimulants ; or the vefTcls of 

 any particular part are, by a local ftimulus, excited to greater 

 aiRion, and tranfmit a Lrger proportion of blood ; the evolu- 

 tion of heat will necefTarily be augmented ; there will be a 

 fenfation of warmth in the general fyftem, or in the particular 

 parts refpeftivcly. See .Stimulant and Cardiac. 



CALEFACTION, denotes the production of heat in a 

 body by the aftion of fire ; or the impuife which the parti- 

 cles of a hot body imprefs c 1 other bodies around it. 



The word is particularly ufed in pharmacy ; where cale- 

 faflion is dilHuguiihed from cotlion : the firli being applied 

 where the thing is only heated, without boiling. 



CAIjETTA, or Callelia, in Geography, a fifhing vi!- 

 lage of Catalonia in Spain, 4 leagues from Matara. Its 

 population confills of 886 perfons, and it employs near 50 

 fifhing-bouts. 



CALEMUT. See Salamame. 



CALENBERG, a principality of Germany, in the circle 

 of Lower Saxony, which takes its name from an ancient 

 caftle, now in ruins, fituated on the Leine, about 1 1 miles 

 S. from Hanover. Calenberg is divided into two parts by a 

 portion of the principality of Wolfeributtel ; of which the 

 northern part is furrounded by the principality of Luneburg, 

 the dioccfe of Hildeflieiin, the principality of Wolfenbuttlc, 

 the counties of Pyrmont, Lippe, Scliauenberg, and Hoya, 

 and the principality of Muiden ; and the fouth part by the 

 principalities of Wolfenbuttle and Grubenhagen, and the 

 territories of Eichsfeld and Lower Heffe. This principality 

 cofillitutes a part of the duchy of Brunfwick, and is chiefly 

 formed of counties, lordfliips, and ecclefiailical ftates. The 

 country is in fome parts mountainous, in fome marfhy, and 

 in others fandy, but generally fertile ; producing wheat, rye, 

 bariey, oats, lentils, peas, beans, vetches, buck-wheat, ex- 

 cellent garden-ftuff, tobacco, hops, ikx, and plenty of good 



fruit. 



