C A L ^ 



birclieaJtd, without a fliirt, and witli the flciii of a wild 

 bcalt tlirowii over Iiis flioiildevs. Before, lie wore a kind of 

 apron, the llnngs of wliieh Were adorned with counterfeit 

 prtcious ftonts. In Ferfia and Arabia thefe dervifcs were 

 called Milals or Ahdalhil, i. e. Perfons confeciated to the 

 fcrvice or honour of God. They preach in the market- 

 places, and live upon alms. See Dervis. 



CALENDS, Calend/e, in the Roman Chronology, the 

 firft day of every month. 



The word is formed from xxXu', / call, or proclaim ; be- 

 caufc, befjre the publication of the Roman Fafli, it was 

 one of the offices of the pontifices to watch the appearance 

 of the new moon, and give notice thereof to the Rex Sacri- 

 jiculus ; upon which a facrifice being offered, the pontiff 

 fummoned the people together in the capitol, and there, 

 with a loud voice, proclaimed the number of calends, or the 

 day whereon the nones would be ; which he did by repeat- 

 ing this formula, as often as there were days of calends ; Calo 

 jfuno Kovella. Whence the name calend,p was given there- 

 to, from calo, calare. This is the account given by Varro. 

 Plutarch, and after him Gaza, derive the word from clan\ ; 

 Quia /una calend'u clam Jit : but this is far fetched. Others 

 derive the appellation hence : that the people being con- 

 vened on this day, the pontifex called or proclaimed the 

 fevcrai feafts or holidays in the month ; a cuftom which con- 

 tinued no longer than the year of Rome 450, when C. 

 Flavins, the curule xdile, ordered the fafti, or calendar, to be 

 fet up in public places, that every body might know the dif- 

 ference of times, and the return of the fellivals. 



The calends were reckoned backwards, or in a retrograde 

 order: thus, v. g. the firft of May being the calends of 

 May ; the laft, or thirtieth of April, was the pridie calen- 

 darum, or fecond of the calends of May ; the twenty-ninth 

 of April, the third of the calends, or before the calends : 

 and fo back to the thirteenth, where the ides commence ; 

 which are, likewife, numbered invertedly to the fifth, where 

 the nones begin ; which are numbered after the fame man- 

 ner to the firft day of the month, which is the calends of 

 April. See lots and Nones. 



The rules of computation by calends are included in the 

 following verfes : 



•' Prima dies menfis cujnfque eft difta calendae : 

 .Sex Malus nonas, Oftuber, Julius, & Mars ; 

 (^■latuor at rcliqui : habct idus quilibet ofto. 

 Inde dies rcliquos omnts die eftt calendas ; 

 Quas retro numerans dices a menfe fequente." 



To find the day of the calends anfwenng to any day of 

 the month we are in ; fee how many days there are yet re- 

 maining of the month, and to that number add two : for 

 example; fuppofe it the 22d of April ; it is then the loth 

 of the calends of May. For April contains 30 days ; and 

 22 taken from 30, there remains 8 ; to which 2 being ad- 

 ded, the fum is 10. 



The reafon of adding tivo is, bccaufe the laft day of the 

 month is called fecundo calendas, the lall but one tertio ca- 

 lendas, &c. 



The Roman writers thcmfelves are at a lofs for the reafon 

 of this abfnrj and whimfical manner of computing the 

 days of the month : yet it is ftill kept up in the Roman 

 chancery ; and by fome authors, out of a vain afftaation 

 of learnmg, preferred to the common, more natural, and 

 cafy manner. 



Calends, Kalends, are alfo ufed in Church- Hi/lory to de- 

 note eoirferences anciently held by the clergy of each dean- 

 cry, on the firft day of every month, concerning their duty 



7 



C A L 



and conduA, efpecially in what related to the impofition 

 of penance. Du Cange. 



Calends of January, in Roman Anllquity, was a folemn 

 feftival confecrated to Juno and Janus ; wherein the Ro- 

 mans offered vows and facrifices to thofe, deities, and ex- 

 changed prefents among themfelves, as a token of friend- 

 Ihip. 



It was only a melancholy day to debtors, who were then 

 obliged to pay their ir.terefts,&c. Hence Horace calls it tr'if- 

 tes calendrc. Lib. i. Serm. Sat. 3. 



CALENDULA, in Botany, (according to Martyn, a 

 diminutive from Caltha, the name of the moft common fpe- 

 cies in old authors ; Ventenat derives it from Calends, the 

 Latin term for the firft day of every month, becaufe it con- 

 tinues long in flower, whence one of its Italian names Fiore 

 d'ogni Mele.) Linn. gen. 990. Schreb. IJ39. Willd. 1559. 

 Gxrt. 991. JufT. p. 183. Vent. v. 2. p. 54J. Marigold. 

 Clafs and order, fyngenefia polygamia necejfarla. Nat. ord. 

 CompofUit d'tfcoldeee. Linn. Corymhifem, JufT. Vent. 



Gen. Ch. Calyx fimple, nearly upright, with numerous 

 linear-lanceolate, nearly equal divifions. Cor. radiate : florets 

 of the (/^numerous, tubular, femiquinquefid, the length of the 

 calyx ; the ray ftrap-fhaped, very long, three-toothed, hairy 

 at the bafe, without nerves, with piftils only. Stamens of 

 the dill^ : filaments five, capillary, very fhort ; anthers the 1 

 length of the floret, united in a hollow cylinder. P'ljl. of 

 the difk : germ oblong ; ftyle thread-lhaped, fcarcely the 

 length of the ftamens : ftigma obtufe, bifid, ftraight. Pif- 

 til of the ray : germ oblong, three-cornered ; ftyle thread- 

 fhaped ; ftigmas two, oblong, acuminate, reflexed. Peri- 

 carp, the permanent calyx converging and depreffed. Seeds 

 in the centre of the di/i none ; in the circumference, fometimes 

 but rarely folitaiy, membranous, inverfely heart-fhaped, 

 comprefTed ; in the ray, fohtary, larger, oblong, incurved, 

 triangular, with membranous angles, marked on the out- 

 fide longitudinally with the figure of a vegetable. Down 

 none. Recep. naked, flat. 



EfT. Ch. Receptacle naked. Down none. Calyx with 

 many divifions. Seeds in the circumference of the difli 

 membranous. 



Obf. As the feeds in the circumference of the diflf are 

 very different in form from thofe of the ray, Linnsus was 

 iu doubt whether they were not abortive ; but Gxrtner af- 

 ferts that both kinds are fertile. 



Sp. I. C. arvenjis, Linn. Sp. PI. (Caltha arvenfis, Bauh. 

 Pin. 275. minima, Bauh. Hift. 3. p. 105: officinalis. 

 Scop. Carn. 1040.) " Seeds boat-fhaped, muricattd, incurved, 

 outer ones ereft, lengthened, and ftanding out," Linn. (Ian- 

 ctolate-awl-lhaped, muricated on the back, Willd.) Annual. 

 6Vfffif]ender,branching, fpreading near the ground. Leavesnar- 

 row, fpear-ftiaped, hairy, half furrounding the ftem at their 

 bafe. Flowers pale yellow, fmall, terminating the branches, ou 

 long peduncles. La Marck. Seeds of the di/i- curved inwards, 

 fo as to form a femi-circle ; by no means boat-fhaped or mar- 

 gined, but roundifti ; comprefTed in the belly part to a fliarp 

 edge, convex on the back, and muricated with (liort, harm- 

 lefs prickles : of the ray longer, upright, crooked, leifened 

 upward, and lengthened into a lamellate, two-lobed beak, 

 with little prickles on the outfide, fmooth within, and aug- 

 mented near the bafe with a lamellate procefs. Girt. Tab. 

 168. fig. 4. A native of cultivated fields in the South of 

 Europe. 2. C. Stellata, Willd. Cav. ic. I. p. 3. tab. 5. Desf. 

 atl. 2. p. 304. " Seeds boat-fliaped, incurved, muricated; 

 five outer ones ovate-lanceolate, membranous, and toothed 

 at the margin, muricated on the back." Willd. Annual. 

 Stem, as well as the whole plant, rugged j three feet high, 



herbaceous 



