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■pafs immt.l.al.ly away, but has the advp.nta.ve of acln^.ittlng 

 Lni air h.low the lKd:ling, and thereby pa-ventmg that 

 unwholcf<..n. d,ras.«abl. fnu-ll too o ten found among- 

 calves ; for, it is to be nnderllooa, that this place b.-^ovv th. 

 floor (hould frequently be cleaned, as wtll as the floor .t- 

 felf. whenevo- it bccouies wet or duty ; but it is not right 

 to allow the litter to increafe to a great tluckncls, other- 

 wife the moll\ure will not fo ealily pals through. Calf-^pens 

 are, however, too often mad. without this fparrtd floor, 

 and the frclh litter always bid on the old, till the calves are 

 removed, which is a (lovenly pradice, and not by any means 

 to be recommended. 



" Stalls, ordivilions, are but feldom made m call-pens: 

 at the fame time it would certainly be much better to keep 

 the calves feparate from each other; by which means they 

 will be more eafily fed, and lefs liable to accidents. Parti- 

 tions, about three feet high, of thin deal nailed on fmall 

 nofts, mi<Tht be fo contrived as to be moveable at plealure, 

 to increafe or diminini the Hall if necelTary, according to 

 the age and fize of the calf. This may be done as repre- 

 fcnted in the plate on calf-pens,/^. I. which is the ground- 

 plan of a double calf-pen for ten calves ; a is the door; b the 

 paffage betwixt the pens; ccc, &c. are the pens, (hewing 

 the fituation of the partitions; dddd are tour joilts, in 

 which are feveral holes, as (hewn on the plan, for receiving 

 iron pins, at the bottom of the partitions, to keep them in 

 their place ; f is a window or door, befides which there (hould 

 be fome other windows or air-holes as high up as poflible. 

 If it be thought unneceffary to make the partitions, there 

 might be a fmall round trough, in a circular frame, fixed in 

 the corner of each pen, as at/, for holding the milk, and 

 a door in the next adjoining corner. A fmall (light fack 

 for holding a httle hay, placed at the upper part of the 

 pen, might alfo be ufeful. The troughs (hould be round, 

 that the calves may not hurt themfelves upon them, which 

 they might probably do on the angles if they were fquare. 

 Fig. 2. is a feftion of thcfe pens, in which rr fhews the 

 pofition of the racks. The advantages of this kind of calf- 

 pens are, that the calves are all kept feparate in a fmall 

 compafs, and cannot hurt each other, as the ftronger ones 

 fometimes do the weaker, when confined promifcuoufly ; 

 and their food may be much more eafily and equally diftri- 

 buted when they are not fuckled. 



" If a great number of calves are feeding, as thirty or 

 forty, or more, it might be fo contrived in fuch pens, by 

 pipes communicating with the troughs, that one perfon 

 might give all the calves their milk at the fame inftant 

 of time ; and that any given quantity of milk, and no more, 

 can go into each trough ; but as this method would pro- 

 bably be but rarely required by the farmer, it is unneceflary, 

 in a general point of view, to enter into an explanation 

 of it." 



In Gloucefterfhire, Mr. Marfhall fays, " the calf-pens are 

 of an admirable conflruftion ; extremely fimple, yet Angu- 

 larly well adapted to that intention. Young calves, fat- 

 tening calves more efpecially, require to be kept narrowly 

 confined : quietnefs is, in a degree, effential to their thriv- 

 ing. A loofe pen, or a long halter, gives freedom to their 

 natural fears, and a loofe to their playfulnefs. Cleanlinefs, 

 and a due degree of warmth, are likewife requifite in the 

 right management of calves. A pen which holds feven, or 

 occafionally eight calves, is of the following defcription : — 

 The houfe, or roomftead, in which it is placed, meafures 

 twelve feet by eight : four feet of its width are occupied by 

 the ftage, and one foot by a trough placed in its front ; 

 leaving three feet as a gangway, into the middle of which 

 the door opens. The floor of the flage is formed of laths, 



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about t.vo inches fquare, lying lengthways of the flage, and 

 one inch afunder. The front fence is made of (laves, an 

 irch and a half in diameter, nine inches from middle to 

 middle, and three feet high : entered at the bottom into the 

 front bearer of the floor (from which crofs joiils pafs into 

 the back wall), and fttadied at the top by a rail; which, 

 as well as the bottom piece, is entered at each end into 

 the end wall. The holes in the upper rail are wide 

 enough to permit the (laves to be hfted up and taken out, 

 to give admifTion to the calves ; one of which is faflcned to 

 every fccond ftare, by means of two rings of iron joined by 

 3 fwivel ; one nn-j; playing upon the Have, the other re- 

 ceiving a broad leathern collar, buckled round the neck of 

 the calf. The trough is for barley-meal, chalk, &c. and to 

 reft the pails on. Two calves drink out of one pail, put- 

 ting their heads through between the ftaves. The height 

 of the floor of the ftage, from the floor of the room, is 

 about one foot. It is thought to be wrong to hang it 

 higher, left, by the wind drawing under it, the calves (hould be 

 too cold in fevere weather. This, however, might be eafily 

 prevented by litter, or long ftrawy dung thruft beneath it." 

 It is obfervable, that thefe ftages are fit only for calves 

 which are fed with the pail, not for calves which fuck the 

 cows. 



CALF-Jlage, in Rural Economy, a term employed in fome 

 diftrifts to fignify the fame as pen, probably from the floor 

 being fomewhat raifed. 



Calf Jiins, in the leather manufaSure, are prepared and 

 drefied by the tanners, fliinners, and curriers, who fell 

 them for the ufe of the (hoe-makers, fadlers, bookbind- 

 ers, and other artificers, who employ them in their feveral 

 manufaftures. 



CkLT-Jhin drejfed m Jumach, denotes the flcin of this ani- 

 mal curried black on the hair fide, and dyed of an orange 

 colour on the fielh fide by means of fumach, chiefly ufed in 

 the making of belts. The Englhh calf-fkin is much valued 

 abroad, and the commerce thereof very confiderable in 

 France and other countries ; where divers attempts have 

 been made to imitate it, but hitherto in vain. What is likely 

 to baffle all endeavours for imitating the Englilh calf in 

 France is, the fmallncfs and weaknefs of the calves about 

 Paris ; which, at fifteen days old, are not fo big as the 

 Englilh ones when they come into the world. 



Calf, Golden, m Scripture Hi/lory. See Golden Calf. 

 Calf, Sea, in Zoology. See Phoca Vitulina, and Sea- 

 Calf. 



Calf alfo denotes the young of the whale. 

 Calf, among Sportfmen, is ufed for a male hart or hind of 

 the firft year. 



CALTs-fiwut, in Botany. See Antirrhinum Orontium. 

 Calfat, in Ornithology, afpecies of Emberiza, the rcd- 

 eyed bunting of Latham, a bird that inhabits the ifle of 

 France. This is fmaller than the common fparrow : colour 

 hoary : beneath vinaceous : head, throat, and margin of the 

 tail, black : bill, legs, and orbits rofy. Gmel. &c. Obf. 

 This is Le Calfat of Buffon. 



CALHETA, in Geography, a fmall town of Madeira, 

 in the diftridl of Funchal. 

 CALL See Kali. 



Cali, in Geography, a town of South America, in a de- 

 partment of the fame name, in the province of Quito, and 

 government of Popayan, built by Sebaftiaa de Belalcazar. 

 N. lat. 3° 15'. W. long. 73° 16'. 



CALIACH-Head, a cape of Scotland, on the north- 

 weft coaft of the ifland of Mull. 



CALIAVARI, Luca, in Biography, a painter, was 



born at Udine, in Italy, in 1665, and acquired his fl<ill by 



4 ftudying 



