C A L 



ch'ld into cold water, and cleanfe it from the vlfcij liumour 

 with which its body is covered. The moment the mother 

 is deUvered, fhe bathes in the fea or a neighbouring river, and 

 is then feated on a hot ftove, and covered with furs. AVhen 

 the fweats fnbfide, and the ftove cools, (lie plunges hcrfelf 

 again in cold water, and fometimcs repeats this proctfs fur 

 fcverai fiiccefilve days. The time of fuckling is unhmited ; 

 but it commonly extends to eighteen or twenty months ; 

 and the infants are fwaddled by wrapping them up in furs, 

 lifter having prcvioufly ftrctched out their arms and legs at 

 full length, and fixed them in tliat fituation by ftveral 

 bandages of leather. They then place the infant in a piece 

 of bark, proportioned to its fize, and of the form of a hollow 

 tile, to which he is fallened by ftraps or bandages of leather. 



As to the religion of the Californians it is not eafy to 

 determine concerning it ; but it feems mod probable that 

 before their intercourfe with the Europeans they had no 

 temples, altars, oratoiies, nor any other place fet apart for 

 religious exercifes. No outward profeffion of religion ap. 

 peared in feilivals, prayers, vows, or expiations. It is pro- 

 bable, however, that they had fome confufed notion of an 

 invilible being ; but to what extent their fpeculations car- 

 ried them, it is impofhble to fay, as all our firlt relations 

 concerning them- have been tranfmitted to us by thejefuits 

 and other miffionaries. In a country fo extenfive, and 

 comprehending fo many degrees of latitude, the climate 

 mvill be very various ; and the foil and its productions mud 

 depend on collateral circumftances conncfted with their 

 fituation, as it is nearer to the fea and to rivers, or more re- 

 ir.ote from them. In California, there falls in the morning 

 a great quantity of dew, which, fettling on the rofe-leaves, 

 candies, and becomes hard like manna, having all the fweet- 

 nefs of refined fugar, without its whitentfs. In the heart 

 of the country, there are alfo plains of fait, quite firm, and 

 clear as cryllal, which, confidering the vaft quantities of 

 fi(h on its coafts, might render it an invaluable acquifition to 

 an indullrious nation. The pearl-filhery on its coa(ls, and 

 its interior mines of gold, might alfo fupply materials for a 

 profitable commevce. The chief town of California is St. 

 Juan ; and the number of its inhabitants has been eftiniatcd 

 at 500,000; but every calculation of this kind muft be very 

 vague and uncertain. For a further account of tins coun- 

 try, and of the weftern coaft of North America, fre Nkv/ 

 Albion. See alfo Franc.ms, Francfsco. YvK-tra,/i; 

 IVloNTERREV, NooTKA, Norfolk Sound. 3cc. Marcliai.d's 

 Voyage by Fieurieu, vol. i. La Peroufe's Voyage, vol. i. 

 and ii. 



California, ^k//"o/", called alfo ^ur/i/t-, •v:rml/!sti, or irJ 

 fed, feems to be an reftuarv- of two large rivers, and feparates 

 California in part from Mexico. The coafts of the penin- 

 fula, towards this gulf, are covered with inh.ibited ifland^ ; 

 fuch as thofe of St. Clement, Paxaros, St. Anne of Ccd^.rs, 

 fo called from the number of th;fe trees of a large nze which 

 it produces, St. Jofcph, and a multitude of others. But the 

 iflands beft known are three lying off cape St. Lucas, towards 

 the Mexican coaft, which are called Les Tres Marias, or the 

 " Three Maties." Thefe are fmall, but fupply good wood 

 and water, falt-pits, and abundance of game ; and therefore 

 the Englilh and French pirates have I'ometinies wintered 

 there, when they have been bound on cruiles in the South fea.'?. 



CALIGA,'in Roman Antiquity, was the proper foldier's 

 (hoe, made in the fandal faliiion, without upper leather 

 to cover the fuperior part of the foot, though otherwife 

 reaching to the middle of the leg, and faftened with 

 thofigf. The fole of the caliga was of wood, like the Sa- 

 bot of the French peafants, and its bottom ihick full of 

 nails ; which clavi are fuppofcd to have been very long 



Vol. V. 



C A L 



ill i!ie (hoes of the fcouts and fcntinels ; whence thtfe 

 were called byway of diftinflion, " cahgx fpcculatorii ;" 

 as if by mounting the wearer to a higher pitch, they ga%'e 

 a greater advantage to the (iglit : though otiieis willhavc 

 the " caliga: fpcculaiorix" to have been made foft and 

 woolly, to prevent tluir making a noife. Plin. Nat . Hift. 

 lib.ix. cap. iS. lib.xxxiv. cap. 14. Hard. Suet, in Calig. 

 cap. 9. and cap. 52. 



From thefe caliga: it was that the emperor Caligula took 

 his name, as h.uing been born in the aimy, and afterwards 

 bred up in the habit of a common foldier ; hciicc called 

 " Caligatus." 



A fort of caligs was alfo worn by monks and bifhopi, 

 when ihcy celebratid mafs pontifically. l)u Cangc. 



St. Jerome (Ad Euftcchium.de Culled. Virg. t.i. p. 140.) 

 ufes the word " caliga" to exprcfs that corcnrg for the fret 

 which Chrift forbade his difc'ples to wear, when hefent tlitm 

 to preach the gofptrl i:: his life-time, and which is oppoftd 

 to " fandals," Mark vi. 9. ; though St. Jerome, in the im« 

 petuofity of his zeal, fuppofis the apolllcs were to walk at 

 times abfolutcly barefoot. Thefe caiigre then leem to mean 

 bufkins, or rather fliort boots, dcfigned 10 co\cr the feet fo 

 entirely, as to guard them, as well as the lower part of the 

 leg, f:om injury by ftones, thorns, &c. ; wherciS fandaU 

 confifted merely of foles at the bottom of the feet, faftened 

 by leathern thongs, which left the foot very much uncovered, 

 and expofed to injuries. St. Jerome annexes to thifc 

 " caliga:" the epithet " lati," broad, wh'ch does not fccm 

 to be appropriate ; ard, therefore, fome have fuppofed a 

 corruption in the prrfent reading of late for lutea, yellow ; 

 and this is the colour of the leather of which the Arab's 

 make their boots. 



CALIGATI, an appellation given by fnme ancient 

 writers to the common (oldiers in the Roman armies, by 

 reafon of the caliga wliich they wore. 



The caliga was the badge, or fynibol of a foldier ; whence 

 to take away the caliga and belt, imported a difirilTion or 

 cafhiering. 



CAUGINOSUS, in Entomology, a fpecies of Cap.ai!U5 

 that inhabits America, the colour of which is black ; thorax 

 fnuaie a-d fmooth ; a;itenm pitchy. I'abr. &c. Ohi. 

 This infedl is further dillinguilhcd by having two imprcfftd 

 dots on the head. 



CALIGO, or Caligatio, in ATeiUcine, an opacity, or 

 clnudintliof the anterior furiace of the cryllalline, caufing a 

 dimnefs or fuflufion of fight. The caligo is \.\\i latnc with 

 what t!ie (ircc-ks call ax^.f,-, achlys. 



CALIGULA, Caius C^tsar, in Jiiography, the fourth 

 Roman emperor, was the fon of Gi-rmanicus and Agrippina, 

 born A.U.C. 76 J, A.D. 1 2 ; and derived iiis furname from 

 " caliga," a kind of military boot, which he wore in con- 

 formity to thofe of the common foldiers, and with a view of 

 engaging their affedions. At an early period he wa? a com- 

 plete mafter of diffimulation ; he concealed his natural fero- 

 city under an aflumed modcfty ; nor did he manifeft any 

 figns of forro'.v or refentment, when his mother was con- 

 demned, and his brothers were exiled and imprifoned. l:i 

 his 20th year he was the favourite of the people from the 

 refpect they entertained for the memory of his fatlier ; and 

 on this account he was hated by Tiberius. Of this he was 

 well apprized ; and, therefore, during his rcfidencc with 

 liim at CaprcK, he had recomfc to every art for vanq'.iifliing 

 the prejudice which the emperor had conceived againfl him, 

 and for conciliating his favour. With this view he fludied 

 the talle, the humours, the language, and even the tone of 

 voice of Tiberius, changing, as occafions fecmed to require, 

 both hij countenance and condnft, in order to fix his attach- 

 5 G ment ; 



