C A L 



inr on wcl. Me, fo as to conceal the nnt. When the root 

 i( cut acrofs thee txudej from it cop.oufly a clear gum, 

 xvhich has the properties of giim tragacanth. lnt.,;kd in 

 water it fuelU and is changed into a fwectifli muciUge, 

 xvhich docs rot foo.1 grow dn- ; and if expofcd to heat. 

 ferments in a f.-w days and acquires a vinous flavour. Found 

 by Pallas iii the fandy dtfarls between the Volga and the 

 laick. It was at firil thought by h'm to be a new genus ; 

 hut afterwards recolleaing the genus calligonum of Linnaeus, 

 he fell into the cppofite error, and fuppofcd it to be the 

 fame fptcies with the Armenian plant found by Tournefort. 

 The voiinjrrr Linn^us alio took it for a new genus, and in 

 honour of Vullas called it pallafia. I'hey both attribute to 

 It not a one-kafcd, calyx, but a five-petallcd corolla. It is 

 called rynfcjl-i by the inhabitants of the country between 

 the Volga, the laick, and the Cafpian Sea ; and torluk by 

 the Kahiinck and Kirkilian Tartars, who make tobacco 

 pipes of its long intcrnodes. L'lleritier and Pallas. Thefe 

 three fpecies are fo limilar to each other in their general 

 habit and llruaurc, that their fpecific difference can be taken 

 only from the fruit. 4. C. a/ficrum, Martyn's Miller. Lour. 

 Cochin. " Leaves cgg-fliaped, rough ; racemes fub- 

 divided ; fruit double." Swm flirubby, climbing, but with- 

 out tendrils, long, branched. Leaves entire, alternate. 

 Flowen white, in terminating racemes. Calyx five-ltafed, 

 green, tipped with red ; leaves roundiih , concave, fpread- 

 ing. Corolla commonly none, but fometimes there are four, 

 round, concave, fpreading petals. Sligma feffile, blunt, 

 deeply two-paited. Stamens numerous on the receptacle. 

 Fruil, a berry, fometimes Angle, fometimes double, one- 

 celled, with many feeds. A native of Cochinchina in woods. 

 We have placed it here rather than omit it, but from its 

 fruit and general habit, it does not appear to be a calligo- 

 num ; nor ought a variable circumftance :o form part of the 

 fpecitic character. 



CALLIGRAPHUS, anciently denoted a copyift, or 

 fcrivener, who tranfcribed fair, and at length, what the no- 

 taries had taken down in notes or minutes. The word is 

 compounded of kxXXo;, leauly, and '/pa^n, / lurite. The 

 minutes of aiits, &c. were always taken in a kind of cypher, 

 or fhort-hand ; fuch as the notes of Tyro in Gruter : by 

 which means the notaries, as the Latins called them, or the 

 eTi,u!w>fa^9i and Ta;^u>fa?oi, as the Greeks called them, were 

 enabled to keep pace with a fpeaker, orperfon who diftated. 

 Thefe notes, being undcrdood by few, were copied over 

 fair, and at length, by pcifons who had a good hand, for fale, 

 &c. and thefe were called calligraphi ; a name frequently met 

 with in the ancient writers. In the Pal^ographia of Mont- 

 faucon (lib. i. c. 8.), we have a catalogue of all the known 

 calligraphi. 



CALLIGRAPHY, the art of fair writing. 



Callicrates is faid to have written an elegant diftich on a 

 fefamum feed. Junius fpeaks of a perfon, as very extraor- 

 dinary, who wrote the apoftles creed, and beginning of St. 

 John's G ifpel, in the compafs of a farthing. What would 

 he have laid of our famous Peter Bale, who in 1575 wrote 

 the Lord's prayer, creed, ten commandments, and two (hort 

 prayers in Latin, with his own name, motto, day of the 

 month, year of the Lord, and reign of the queen, in the 

 compafs of a fnigle penny, inchafed in a ring and bordure of 

 gold, and covered with a cryllal, all fo accurately wrought, 

 as to be very legible ? 



CALLII, in yincient Geography, a promontory of Africa, 

 in Marmarica ; and alfo a village fituate towards the north- 

 eaft of this promontoiy. Ptolemy. 



CALLIMACHU'S, in Biography, a celebrated architeft, 

 painter, and fculptor of Corinth, flourilhed about the year 



C A L 



B. C. '(40. To him is afcribed the invention cf the Coriu. 

 thian order. See Abacus. He alfo m:ide a golden lamp 

 for the temple of Minerva at Athens, which he furniihed 

 with a wick of afbellos, that it might burn without wafting, 

 Callimachus acquired the name of x2>-.i^o-t!XW)> from being 

 unalile to pleafc himftlf by his works. 



Callimachus, a celebrated poet, grammarian, and 

 critic, was a native of Cyrene in Libya, flourifhed in the 

 reigns of Ptolemy Pluladelphus and Ptolemy Euergctes, 

 bei.ig one of the keepers of the Alexandrian library, and 

 died about the year 244 B. C. He wss the fon of Battus 

 and Mefatme, whence Ovid denominates him " Battiades." 

 Strabo (lib.xvii.) informs us, that he claimed dtfcent from 

 king Battus, who was the founder of Cyrene. He was a 

 difciple of Hcrmocrates the grammarian, and excelled no lefs 

 as a critic than a poet. Before he was recommended to the 

 favour of Ptolemy Philadelphus, he taught fchool at Alex- 

 andria, and had the honour of educating Apollonius, the 

 author of the Argonautics. His poetical compolitions 

 were chiefly (hort pieces, as hymns, elegies, and epigrams ; 

 and when it w^as objefted to him by his enemies that his 

 Mufe could not undertake any conliderable work, he made 

 ufe in reply of the faying which has become proverbial " A 

 great book is a great evil." His powers, however, were 

 manifefted by two works of greater extent, entitled " He- 

 cate," and " Aitia." The charafteiiftics of thofe poems 

 of Callimachus, which have reached our times, are elegance 

 and polifh, and choice of expreflions ; and thefe correfpond 

 to the charafter given of him as a poet by Ovid (Amor, 

 eleg. 15. lib. i.) : 



" Battiades toto femper cantabitur orbe ; 

 Qu^amvis ingenio non valet, arte valet." 

 " The drains of Battus' fon ftiall ne'er depart ; 

 If not in genius, he excels in art." 

 Quinftilian, in his " Inftitutiones Oratoriae" (!.x. c.i. ), 

 applauds CaUiiuachus as the prince of elegiac poets, among 

 the Greeks. Mad. Dacier, in the preface to her edition of 

 his poems, fays, that, among the writings of ancient Greece, 

 there is nothing more elegant and pohte than thefe compo- 

 fitions of our author. To the fame purpofe her father, 

 Tanaquil Faber, in his " Abrege des Vies des Poetes 

 Grecs," declares, that Calhrnachus's manner of writing is 

 neat and llrong ; and that Catullus and Propertius fre- 

 quently imitate him, and fometimes tranflatehim. Accord- 

 ingly the " Coma Berenices" of the former is a tranflation 

 from Calhmachus. Of the various editions of this writer we 

 may mention Mad. Dacier's, 4to. Paris, 1674; Bentley's, 

 8vo. London, 1741; Graevius's, 8vo. Utrecht, 1697; Er- 

 nefti's, 8vo. L. Bat. 1761 : Loefner's, 8vo. Lipf. 1774. 

 We have a tranflation of the works of Callimachus into 

 Englirti verfe, with notes, &c. by Dr. Tytler, 4to. Lond. 

 1793. Gen.Dia. 



QALLIMUS, in Phyfiohgy, a ftony fubftance found in 

 the cavity of the aetites, or eagle ftone. 



The word is alfo written calimus, and in fome copies of 

 Pliny calaimis; which latter reading Salmafius receives. 



The callimus fills the hollow of the ostites, much as the 

 yolk does the white of an egg. 



The geodes, inftead of a caUimus, or folid ftone, have a 

 loofe, fandy, chalky, or earthy fubftance, and the enhydri a 

 liquid fubftance. 



CALLINGER, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, 

 in the circar of Bundelcund ; 72 miles W. S.W. of Alia- 

 habad. 



CALLINGTON, is an ancient fma'l borough town of 

 Cornwall, England. Itsfiiuation islow,ihefiirroundingcouii- 

 try bleakand barren, andits houfes are moilly fm<illindiffcrent 



buildings. 



