ot 



C A L 

 CALLIXEME, i" Botany (La Marck, JutT.) See 



"c^I'LixTU-S, or Callistus, I., popf, in Bhgraphy, 

 frcccdcd Zcuhvnrusin theytar2I9. Soa e have laid that 

 »,;bu>k a church to ihc memory- of the V.rgm Mary vvh>ch 

 i, no* k.«jwn bv tht name of Santa Mana m Tranftevcie, 

 or St Maiy beyond the Tiber : but it is more certain that 

 he inclufeJ a large piece of ground in the Appian way as a 

 burving.pbce for the Chr.lHan.. The ftory of h.s martyr. 

 dom. with its attcwJart circumftances of cruelty, is noi 

 very probable, a. Alexander Sevenis was tolerant and la- 

 ,om»ble to the Chrillians. He died m 223. Bower s HUl. 



of the Popes, vol. 1. , t r r 



Caluixtus II., pope, was Guy of Burgundy, the fon ot 

 William the Gr<.at, count of Rurgundy, and nearly related 

 ,0 the emperor Henry. Before his ek-aion to the papacy 

 he was archbilhop of Vienne ; and on the death of Gdafius 

 atClucni, in 11 19, he was unanimoudy chofen to lucceed 

 him by all the cardinals, except thofe who were of the em- 

 peror's partv, who adhered to the anti-pope Maurice bur- 

 din, or Gregory VIII. This was a happy choice both for 

 the church and Hate. Soon after his eleftion, Callixtus 

 held a council at Rhcims, in which the emperor, who re- 

 fufid to renounce the right of invcftitiire, was folemnly ex- 

 communicated. From lllRims the pope repaired to Gi- 

 fora in Normandy, in order, by means of an interview with 

 Henry, ki-.g of Enj-Und, to mediate a reconciliation be- 

 tween him and Louis king of France ; but his conciliatory 

 efT.irts were inefftaual. , , . 



From Normandy he palTed over into Italy, and havmg 

 obtained fome forces from the Norman princes in Apulia, 

 he btfieeed his rival Burdin, who had retired to Sutri, took 

 him prifoner, and thus terminated the fcliifm. Earneftly 

 dcfiroua of peace with the emperor, he fent legates into 

 Gormanv, and a peace was concluded at a general diet held 

 at Wortiis, in 112 2. The emperor was allowed the right of 

 receiving an oath of allegiance from bilhops and abbots eleft, 

 and of conferring on them the regalia, for which they were 

 to do him homage ; whilft he confentcd to furrender the 

 ceremony of invelliture by the ring and crofier, which was 

 regarded as an emblem of the conveyance of fpiritual autho- 

 rity. The articles of agreement, fettled by the pope and 

 emperor, wcie approved by the general council held at La- 

 teran in the following year, and remain ilill in force. After 

 a pontificate of nearly fix years, this pope died in U24, and 

 left a great charafter for moderation and liberality, and a 

 ilria obfervance of the canons. Thirty-fix letters of this 

 pope are prefervcd ; and other works in MS. on the miracles 

 of fainta, &c. are attributed to him. Bower, vol. vi. 

 Moftieim, Eccl. Hid. vol. iii. 



Callixtus III., pope, was advanced to the pontifical 

 chair in 145 1, at the age of 76 years. His name was Al- 

 phonfo Borgia ; he was defcended of an ancient family, and 

 born at Xativa, in Spain. Before his clctlion he was fe- 

 cretaiy to Alphonfo king of Arragon, and employed in 

 terminating the fchifm occafioned by the anti-pope Cle- 

 ment VIII.; and for this fervice he was preferred by pope 

 Martin to the fee of Valencia. Immediately after his ele- 

 vation to the papacy, he exerted himfelf in reftraining the 

 progrefs of the 'iSirks under fultan Mahomet II., who had 

 taken Conftantinople, and threatened all Chriftendom. For 

 this purpofe he fitted out a fmall fleet, which retook fome 

 of the iflands of the Archipelago; and by means of a cru- 

 fadc, which he caufcd to be preached throughout Europe, 

 he raifcd a conrderable army, which was committed to the 

 rdnducl of. the famous Hunniades. Notwithdanding a vic- 

 tory obtained at Belgrade in 1456, which obliged JIahomet 



C A L 



to raife the fiege of that city, and the remembrance of which 

 the pope immortalized by ordering the feflival of the 

 " Transfiguration of Chrill" to be religioufly obferved 

 throughout all the wellern world, the Turkifh army pro- 

 ceeded in its conquefts. The pope's attention was foon occu- 

 pied by other concerns. Having ambitious defigns in favour of 

 his nephew, whom he had created duke of Spoleto, he quar- 

 relled with his former patron the king of Arragon, and re- 

 fufed to grant to his natural fon Ferdinand the invelliture of 

 the kin-^rdom of Naples. On the dcceaie of Alphonfo, he 

 daclared openly againft Ferdinand, and would have kindled 

 a civil war in the kingdom, if his death, which happened in 

 145S, had not ptevented it. Callixtus is reprefented by 

 contemporary writers as a man of abilities, of great addrefs 

 and experience, and one of the bell canonills ot his time : 

 but like other popes, he was betrayed into improper conduft 

 by nepotifm. His only literary remains are fome epiftles 

 and bulls. Bower, vol. vii. Mofheim, vol. iii. 



CALLO, in Geography, a plain in the jurifdiflion of 

 Qiiito, South America, fo called from a palace of th^ 

 Yncas, which hears this appellation, and the ruins of which 

 are ftill feen at the extremity of the plain running northward 

 from Latacunga. See Q^ito. 



CALhO-forl, lies on the coaft of Chili, in the fouth 

 Pacific Ocean, four leagues N. from Solango ifland. S. lat. 

 1° 10'. W. long. 80° 9'. 



CALLONIANA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Si- 

 cily, according to the Itinerary of Antonine, thought to be 

 the fame with the Caulonia of Steph. Byz. 



CALLONITIS, in Geography, a country of Afia, in 

 Affyria, on the confines of Media, near mount Zagnis. 



CALLOO, a fortiefs of the Netherlands, on the Scheldt, 

 where the Dutch were defeated by the Spaniards in 1638 ; 

 five mi!«3 W. of Antwerp. N. lat. 51° 15'. E. long. 

 4° 10'. 



CALLOSA, in Eniorttohgy, a fpecies of Apis of a 

 fhining black-blue colour, witli a white lip, and callous dot 

 of the fame on each fide of the thorax, before the wins^s. 

 This is an infedl of fmall fize, and inhabits Italy. Fa- 

 briciue. 



CALLOSITY, in Surgery. See Callus. 



CALLOSUM corpus, in Anatomy, denotes a whitifb, 

 liard fubftance, joining the two hemifpheres of the brain, 

 and appearing when the two hemifpheres are drawn back. 

 See Brain. 



CALLOT, James, in Biography, a celebrated draughtf- 

 man and engraver, was defcended from a noble family, and 

 born at Nancy in Lorraine, in 1593. His paflion for the 

 arts was fo ftrong, and difcoveied itfclf at fo early a period 

 of his life, that at the age of 12 years, he fecretly left his 

 father's houfe, and determined to feek improvement in Italy. 

 But being deilitute of money, he joined a company of Bo- 

 hemians (or of llrolling gypfies), with whom he travelled as 

 far as Florence. Here he was taken notice of by an officer 

 of the grand duke, and placed for inllrudlion under Remi- 

 gio Canta Gallina, who was both a painter and engraver. 

 When he left Gallina, he purfued his journey to Rome ; 

 but meeting with fome merchants from Nancy, who knew 

 him, they took him back to his family. Soon after he mads 

 a fecond elopement, and from Turin he was brought home 

 by his brother. At length, his father finding that his incli- 

 nation for the arts was invincible, acquiefced in his indulg- 

 ence of it, and fent him to Rome; where he afBduoufly 

 applied to drawing, under Giulio Parigii. Being defirous 

 of acquiring a facility in handling the graver, he put him- 

 felf under the inftruftion of Philip ThomafTin, and having 

 made confidcra^le, jroproyement, he afterwards went to Flo. 



rencej 



