C A L 



rtnce, -where he was employed, and particularly encouraged 

 by the great duke Cofmo 11. At this city lie firll Ingan 

 to etch, and he executed fcveral i'mall fubjcfls with great 

 fuccefs. Upon the death of the dui<c, for whom ht per- 

 formed many curious works, he returned to Nancy, married, 

 and became a great favourite witli the duke of Lorraine, 

 wlio granted him a penfion. In this interval of his lift, he 

 dcfii;ned and engraved t!ie fiege of Breda ; and at Paris he 

 engravtd for Louis Xllf. the (leges of RociuHe and of 

 tilt ill.ind oi Rlie, and ftveral otlicrs. On occafion of the 

 troubles of Lorraine, which terminated with the fiegc and 

 capture of Nancy, he determined to return with his wife to 

 Florence ; but death prevented the execution of his pur- 

 pole, Marcii 28, 1655. After the reduction of Nancy in 

 16^1, he was dtfired by Louis XIII. to draw and engrave 

 the liege of that place ; but tliis bufiuefs he decluied. alleg- 

 ing, that he did not think it coulilleiit with the refpcft 

 whicii he enteitaintd for his prince, aiul the love which he 

 h>orc to liis country, to rcprcfent any thing that (liouU ap- 

 pear to their difgrace. When a courtcfan mfifted on his 

 gratifying the king's wiflics, and enforced the reqiiifition 

 with a menace, that he fhould be compelled to obey, he 

 boldly replied, " I will fooner difablc my right hand, tlinn 

 be conftrained to do any thing contrary to my honour." 

 Tiie king was pleafed with this magnanimous reply, and 

 offered him a penfion of 3000 livres if he would attach him- 

 felf to his ftrvice. C^liot gratefully rcfufed the offer, pre- 

 ferring the love of his country to the amaffing of a for- 

 tune. 



This artift engraved in feveral ftytes; the firft of which 

 was an imitation of his mailer Canta Gallina. He after- 

 wards worked altogether with the gravtr ; but without fuc- 

 cefs. His next llylc was the mixture of the point and the 

 graver, with coarfe broad hatchings in the (hadows. But his 

 bed manner is that, which appears to have been executed 

 with the greateft freedom, by which he has expreffed, as we 

 may fay, with a linglc ifroke, variety of charafter, and cor- 

 refirefs of defign. He is faid to have been the firll who 

 ufed hard varnilh in etching, which has b;en found much 

 fupcrior to that which was before adopted. The fertility of 

 invention, and the vail variety, found in the works of this 

 excellent artill, are ailonilhing. It could hardly have been 

 fuppoftd poffible to combine lo great a number of figures 

 together as he has done, and to vary the attitudes, without 

 forced contrail, fo that all of them, whether fingle figures 

 or groups, may be eafily dillinguilhcd from each other, even 

 in the niaifes of (hadow ; more efpecially when it is con- 

 lidered, that they are often exceedingly minute. On a 

 curfory view of fome of his moll admired pieces, the whole 

 appears confufed and without harmony ; but a careful exa- 

 mination difcovers the richnefs, the beauty, the taflc, and 

 the judgment which are bellowed on the dilpofition of the 

 figures, the management of the groups, and the variety and 

 propriety of the attitude. The works of this mailer are 

 very numerous and various. In reprefcntation of all the 

 varieties of human life, from beggars and peafants to knights 

 and nobles, he excelled ; charafterifing all with the niceft 

 touches of nature. Of his fubjctls many are of the mod 

 painful and fhocking kind, fuch as pubhc executions, the 

 miferies of war, and the like ; many are grotefque and fan- 

 ciful, and exhibit a Ihong imagination. 



The number of Callot's works is faid to amount to 1500 

 prints. His etchings are moll elleemed, and colltdions of 

 them are deemed very valuable. Strutt enumerates the 

 following prints; viz. " The Murder of the Innocents," of 

 which that engraved at Florence is the moll rare ; a fine im- 

 prtllJon of it being found with dilSculty ; — " The Marriage 



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of Cana in Galilee," from Paolo Veioncfe ;— " The Paffion 

 of Chrill," the firll impriffioiis of which are very feartc ; 

 — " St. John in the Ifland of Palma ;" — " The Teniptatioa 

 of St. Anthony ;"_" The Punifliments." exhibiting the 

 exccuticm of feveral criminals ; and — " The Miferies of 

 War;"— "The great Fair of Florence ;"—" The little 

 Fair," othcrwifc called " The Players at BentI," one of 

 the fcarcell of Callot's prints ;— " The Tilting, or the New- 

 Street at Nancy ;" — " The Garden of Na->cy ;"— " View 

 of the Pont Ncuf ;"— " View of the Louvre ;" and " Four 

 Landfcapts." Callot was very regular in his mode of 

 living, and exadl in his religious (.bfervanccs. Felibicn. 

 Strutt. 



CALLOUS, in Surgery, denotes indurated or hardened. 

 See C.\LLUs. 



Callous r^s, ova ca/lo/a, the longcrand better fort, fup- 

 pofed to contain male chicks ; having a deiifcr white, and 

 richer flavour than the reft. Sec Egg. 



CALLULO, in Geoi^raphf, a town of Afiatic Turkey, 

 in the province of Uiarbekir ; 60 milts N.W. of Rabba. 



CALLUNBORG, or Kalluneorg, a town ot Den- 

 mark ; 60 milts W. of Copenhagen. 



CALLUS, in Stir^^ery, is a preternatural liardnefs or in- 

 duration of any flefliy part of the body ; and, not unfrc- 

 quently, this^ term is' applied to the fiibdance by which 

 fradtured bones arc fpontancouily united to ca<;h other. Ii» 

 this latter fenfe, we fay " the callus has not formed ;" i. e. 

 the bony union is incomplete: " the calliu ia exuberant ^" 

 i. e. the offific matter is very abundant. 



A callofity, or preternatural hardntfs of the (kin take* 

 place either from external fnaion (as in the formation of 

 Corns), or from an internal caufe, which probably confid* 

 in a morbid adion of the exhaltnt arteries. In the hard and- 

 thickened (late of the Ikin which conflitutcs the difcafc 

 named a Corn (which fee), there is found to be an accumu- 

 lation of dry cuticular fubllance, in numerous layers, fome- 

 what rcfembhng an onion. The lamina of horny cuticle 

 which forms on the hands and feet of hard-working people^ 

 is entirely devoid of fenfation, and may thaefore be fcraped 

 or cut with impunity. 



Mr. Leewenhoek examining the callus formed on the Irandi 

 and feet, obferved that it was a fubftaiice compofcd of 

 feveral layers of particles fo loofcly connedlcd, that it was a 

 wonder they could hang together ; on putting .1 piece of 

 this into fair water, after it had (lood a confiderabie time 

 to deep, he found that the particles of which it was 

 compokd, would tafily feparate from one another with a 

 little touch of a quill, and thefe feparated particles pur 

 into a drop of water, and examined before the microfcope, 

 were found to be all of the fame regular diape, which war- 

 like that of a weaver's fliuttle, being broad in the middle 

 and pointed at each end, with a line in the middle like 

 thofe upon the uppcrmod, or outfide Ikins of fruits, or 

 of our bodies, but generally irregular. Thefe pieces were 

 thick in proportion to their fize ; and when they are put 

 into water, and feparated again, they naturally form a 

 great number of other particles, all of which are of the 

 fame regular figure with the original piece. Phil. Tranf. 

 N-'j/.j. p. 160. 



By this we fee the reafon of the incrcafe of thickncfs of- 

 the ll<in of the hands of thofe who labour hard, and of the 

 feet of fuch people as walk much, which is ivhoUy owinp- 

 to the addition of a vail number of thefe dinttle-like I'ar- 

 tides, which form combinations together; but thefe fo 

 loofcly, that it is no wonder they are fo eafily feparated on 

 nioiileuing. 



The way to avoid fuch calloHiies of the (kia it to wafh 



ana 



