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■ne CMvAe very frtq'.ifntly ; «nd llurc can be M 

 even corni iiiij;!u be generally pvoventt'd, if 

 -f.o,., «ouM always ufc eafy fnocs from tlicir infancy. 

 A'onicn, we find, are cliicfly troubltd with fiich painful 

 callofities of tl'eir feet, from wearing tight fliocs, and allow- 

 ing their toes to prefs one upon another. 



Sorgeont apply the term cul/out, arijcdlively, to the edges 

 of old iilccri, when they are become tl)icke:ied and inlcn- 

 (ible. This kind of induration is unfavourable to a cure, 

 and lho\ild be removed by tlie knife or canlUc, if it cannot 

 be foftcned by emollient poultices, &c. Sec Ulcer. 



Callus, when fpoken of bone, is in reality nothing more 

 than llic new oflific fubllince formed by a pvoctfs of nature 

 verv fm;ilar to the (jrowth of nny otiier pnrt of the body ; 

 but the ancients h?.d nn idta of honey callus 'nine; formed by 

 the eiTufion and gradual confolidation of a glutinous matter, 

 like the white of an e g^ ; and they fuppofrd that al! fraiJhirtd 

 bones were fuldtrtd, as it were, by the intcrventi< n of this 

 jtlly, as two boards are glued together by a carpenter. See 

 Ossification. 



• It is not always in the power of furgcons to reftrain or 

 command the growth of callus ; for fomctimes a broken 

 bone, for want of due ad\ion in its vcffcls, will remain 

 feveral months difunited ; and, at other t'mes, the callus be- 

 comes fo exuberant as (o caufe an unfr^htly enlargement of 

 the bone, around the broken extremities. One of the mod 

 effcftual modes of reftraining the growth of callus, is to ktep 

 a confiderable degree of preffurc over the pnrt, by means of 

 a bandai^c ; which, by diminifhing the diameters of the 

 blood-vefiels, will Icff.-n their aftion See Fracture. 



To facilitate the growth of callus on the union of broken 

 bones, the patient (hould take ttrengthening remedies, and 

 be put on a generous diet ; and if this does not produce the 

 intended effett, the broken extremities of the bones may be 

 rubbed toocther, or friftion may be kept up externally, fo 

 a> to caufe a moderate degree of inflamnnation. Several 

 furgcons, on findinij that a frafturcd bone would not unite, 

 have made an incifion down to the bone, and fawn off a 

 portion of it, or rafped it with a rouj^h file, in order to 

 excite the vcffels to action ; in fomc of thefe cafes the ofTilic 

 proctf? has been revived, and a union has taken place, but 

 generally this experiment has failed, as the growth of bone is 

 more flow and difficult to produce than the regeneration of 

 loft parts, on accoimt of their difference in ftrufture. 

 CALLYCHTHIS. See Callicthys. 

 CALLYDIUM, in jincient Geography, a ftrong cattle of 

 Afia Minor, feated on one of the fummits of mount Olym- 

 pus in Phrygia. 



CALLYONIMUS, in Botany. (Gef. Hor.) See Con- 

 TALL ARIA majalit. 



.CALLYSIND, in Geography, a river of Hindoollan, 

 which rnns into the Chumbul, in the circar of Kotta. 



CALM, in Sea Language, that ftate of the air and water 

 when there is no wind ilirnrig. A calm is more terrible to 

 a fcafaring man than a llorm, if he has a ftrong (hip and fea- 

 room enough ; for under the line exccirivc heat fometimcs 

 produces fuch dead calms, that fhips are obliged to Hay two 

 or three months without benig able to llir one way or other. 

 Two oppofite winds will fomctimes make a calm. This 

 is frequently obfervcd in the gulf of Mexico, at no great 

 diftance from the fhorc, where fome gull or land wind will 

 fo poife the general cafterly wind, as to produce a perfeci 

 calm. 



Calms are never fo great in the ocean as in the Mediter- 

 ranean, by reafon the flux and reflux of the former keep 

 the water in a continual agitation, even where there is no 

 wind ; whereas there being no tides in the latter, the calm 



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is fomctimes fo dead, that the face of the water is a« clesr 

 aj a looking-glafs ; but fuch calms are almoft conftant 

 prefages of an approaching ftorm. Oti the coafts about 

 Smyrna, a long calm is reputed a prognoflic of an earth- 

 quake. 



When a (hip is ciofe under t^e Ice of another, the wind- 

 ward vcfl'el is faid to becahn the leeward. — A fiiip is alfo 

 faid to be becalmed when near the land, which keeps the 

 wind from it. 



It is iwt uncommon for the vefTels to be calmed or be- 

 calmed, as the failors txprcfs it, in the road of the conftant 

 Levantine winds, in places where they ride near the laud. 

 Thus between the two capes of Cartooche toward the main, 

 and cape Antonio in Cuba, the fea is nanow, and t'riere is 

 often a calm produced by .fome gull of a land-wind, tl'at 

 poifes the Levantine wind, and renders the whole perfeftly 

 ilill for two or three dsys. 



In this cafe, the current that runs here is of uie to the 

 vifFcls, if it fets right; when it fet,s eaiieily, a fhrp wiil have 

 a paffage in three or four days to the Havannah ; but if 

 othervvife, it is often a Fortnight or three weeks fail ; the lliip 

 being embayed in the gulf of Mexico. 



When the weather is pcrfeftly calm, no wind at all ftirring, 

 the faflors try which way the current lets by means of a 

 boat which they fend out, and which will nde at anchor, 

 though there is no bottoin to be found, as regularly and 

 well as if fa.lened by the ilrongeil anchor to the bottom. 

 The method is this: they row the boat to a little dittance 

 from the fliip, and then throw over their plummet, which 

 is about forty pounds weight ; they let this fink to about 

 two hundred fathom ; and then, though it never reaches the 

 bottom, the boat will turn head againfl the current, and ride 

 as firmly as can be. 



Calm Latitude!, are fituated in the Atlantic ocean, be- 

 tween the tropic of Cancer, and the latitude of 29° N. ; or 

 they denote the fpace that lies between tlie trade and 

 variable winds, becaufe it is frequently fubjeft to calm.s of 

 long duration. 



Calm Point, in Geography, lies on the N.W. coad of 

 North America, within Briftol bay, on the north fide. 



CAI^MAR, a lea-port town of Sweden, in the province 

 of Smaland or Smoland, near the Baltic Sea, feparated from 

 the ifle of Ocland by a (Irait, about feven miles broad in the 

 narrovveft part, and flrongly fortified by walls, ditches, a 

 cattle, and redoubts. It is about a mile in circumference, 

 and contains 450 houfes. The ftreets crofs each other at 

 right angles. The inhabitants carry on a fmall trade, ex- 

 porting chiefly planks, alum, and hemp, and poficfs, be- 

 fides fmall craft, about 70 veffcls, from 100 to 300 tons 

 bnrthen. Near thv- town is the cattle, Sanding on an emi- 

 nence, and the only remains of its ancient niagnilicence. 

 The building hssbeen conftrufted at different intervals, and 

 exhibits a motley mixture of Gothic and Grecian architec- 

 ture. Over one of the doors is an infcription, John III. 

 1568. But part of the manfion mutt be much older, as the 

 apartment in which the deputies of the three kingdoms, 

 Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, ufed to affem.ble for the 

 eleftion of their common fovereign ttill fubfitts : it is C4 feet 

 long and 30 broad. This palace, once the refidence of the 

 celebrated Margaret, and remarkable in the hitlory of this 

 countiy, is converted into a dittiilery. Calmar is celebrated 

 for the union, which took place in it, in 1397, ^'"''^ which 

 ftipulated, that the fame monarch fliould rule over Denmark, 

 Sweden, and Norway, and be chofen by the deputies from 

 the ftates of the three kingdoms aflemblcd at Calmar. Dur- 

 ing the whole period in which thefe regulations fubfitted, 

 Sweden wiis a tributary kingdom to the fovercigus of Den- 

 mark ; 



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