C A L 



mark; the union was uphtld by the vigour and abilities of 

 Maixarct ; but undei- her weak and unwarhkc fiiccefTors, it 

 entailed on Sweden all the hoiTors of foreign invafion and in- 

 teftine difcord. From this (late of alternaTe opprefTion and 

 anarchy, it was rcfcucd by the valour and prudence of Guf- 

 tavus Vafa, on whom the gratitude of the Swedes conferred 

 the dominion of the country which he had delivered : they 

 renounced, in his favour, the right of tleiling their kint;s, 

 and declared the crown hereditary in his male ifTue, A.D. 

 1546. See Sweden. N. lat. 56° 4o'3o". E. long. 16° 



21'4J"- 



CALMET, Don Augustin, in Biography, a cele- 

 brated commentator on the Bible, was bom near Commcrci, 

 in Lorraine, in 1672, and became a Benedidine of the con- 

 gregation of St. Vannes, in i6y8. Having pafTcd through 

 the ufual courfe of philofophy and theology, he was em- 

 ployed in teaching them to the younger part of the commu- 

 nity, till in 1704. he fettled as fub-prior in the abbey of 

 Munfter, in Alface, where he prelided over an academy of 

 R or 10 monks devoted to the ftudy of the Scriptures. 

 There he compofed his commentaries on the Scriptures, 

 pabliflied in French from 1707 to 1716. In 1718 he was 

 appointed to the abbacy of St. J^eopold in Nancy ; and in 

 ryzS he was eltfted abbot of Senones. The title of a 

 bifliop in paruLus was ottered him, but he dechned accepting 

 it. After a courfe of literary labour, in which he difplayed 

 great erudition and induftry, though not always equal tafte 

 and judgment, he died, highly efteemed, in l"]'^"]- His 

 principal works are, " A Literal Commentary on all the 

 Books of the Old and New Teftament," 23 vols. 410. re- 

 printed in 26 vols. 4to. and 9 vols, folio ; and abridged by 

 Rondet, in 14 vols. 4to. " The Differtationsand Prefaces of 

 thefe Commentaries, printed feparately, with ignewDifTcr- 

 tations," 3 vols. 4to.; " The Hiftory of the Old and New 

 Teftament," 2 vols. 4to.; reprinted in 4 vols. 410., and 

 7 vols. l2mo.; "Hiftorical, critical, and chronological Hif- 

 tory of the Bible, with Figures," 4 vols, folio.; in which 

 the matter of the commentaries is reduced to alphabetical 

 order, in the form, and under the title of a diftionary, 

 publilhed in 1730, in 4 vols, folio. Although the author's 

 commentaries did not efcape cenfure, and were treated by 

 father Simon with a confiderable degree of afperity and 

 contempt, yet, being dillinguilhed by moderation and ex- 

 emption from polemical dilputes, they were perufed by 

 Proteftarts as well as Roman Catholics ; the work became 

 very popular; and within a few years after its publication, there 

 were feveral editions of it in French, Latin, Dutch, Italian, 

 Spanifh, Englifli, and other languages ; and it is ftill con- 

 fidered as a' tlandard work. It has been much and de- 

 fervedly valued on account of many excellent elucidations 

 which it contains of difficult pafTages in the Holy Scrip- 

 tures, beautiful delineations of Oriental manners, and lively, 

 entertainipg hiRories txtrafted from authors little known 

 even among the learned. A new and valuable edition of it 

 with confiderable retrenchments and additions, and a new fet 

 of plates, under the dir. Clion of Mr. C. Taylor, appeared in 

 London in 1797, &c. The additions form a feparate volume 

 under the title of " Fragments," with a great variety of 

 appropriate and weH executed engravings. Other works of 

 Calmet are '" EcclefialUcal and civil Hiftory of Lorraine," 

 3 vols, foho, reprinted in 5 vols.; " Catalogue of Writers 

 of Lorraine, folio ; " Univerfal Hiftory, facred and pro- 

 fane," 15 vols. 4to.; " Diftertations on tlie Apparitions of 

 Angel?, Demons, and Spirits, and on the Vampiers, and 

 Ghofts of Hungaiy," a fmall coUedion of reveries ; and 

 " Literal, Hiftorical, and Moial Commentary on the Rule 

 ef St. Benedift," 2 vols. 4to. containing much curious in- 



3 



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formation an ancient cuftoms. Calmet dcferves notice alfo 

 as a writer on Hebrew mufic in his commentary on the 

 pfalnis : as a fmall volume, intitled " Trefor d'Antiquitez," 

 compiled from his facred writings, not only concerning the 

 mulic of the Hebrews, but ancient /nufic in geiicr.il, with 

 repivfcntations of mufical inllruments, was publiflied at Am- 

 fterdam, in 1722. 



Ancient mufic, in general, is almoft become an unprofita- 

 ble and hopelefs ftudy ; but that of the Hebrews, the mod 

 ancient of all. is now included within the confines of con- 

 jcdlure ; and Don Calmet's coiijeiftures are, perhaps, as 

 probable as thofc of any one of the numerous authors »vlio 

 have written on the jjfalms, and cxcrcifcd their fagacity and 

 lugcniiity in expounding and defining what fomc have long 

 fince thought involved in cimmcrian darknefs. However, 

 Kirchcr, Merfiennus, and Don Calmet, have thought other- 

 wife ; but whether they have taught their readers to fee in 

 the dark, as foinc animals are fupp fed to do, we are unable 

 to fay. 



C.'\LMENDA, in Geography, a town of Portugal, not 

 far from Braga. 



CALMIN.A.. See Calamo. 



CALMINERA, Cape, lies on thecoaft of Coromandel. 

 in N. lat. 10° 15. E. long. 79° 40'. a few leagues S. of 

 Negapatnam. 



CALMINT, a town of France, in the department of 

 the Upper Garonne ; 7 leagues S.S.E. from Touloufe. — 

 Alfo, a town of France, in the department of the Avcironj. 

 2^ leagues S. of Rhodes. 



CALMUCS. See Kalmucs. 



CAI^N, East and West, two toxvnfhips of Cheftcr 

 county, Pennfylvania, in North America. 



CALNE, a market and borough town of Wiltfhire, in 

 England, is fituated on the banks of the Marlen river. 

 This ancient borough was endowed with peculiar privileges, 

 previous to the Roman conqueft, and according to the 

 domefday-book it never yielded or paid taxes, " fo that it 

 is not known how many hides are therein." The kings of 

 the Weft Saxons had a palace here ; and from the names of 

 Caftle ftreet and Caltle-field, it is generally imagined that a 

 caftle reared its maftive walls in the neighbourhood of the 

 town. Here was alfo an hofpital of black canons, dedi- 

 cated to St. John, and valued, at the diftohition, at 2I. 2s. 8d. 

 per annum. Calre is an ancient borough by prefeription, 

 and fends two members to paiHamtnt, who are cledted by 

 fifteen voters ; the firft return was made in the reign of Ed- 

 ward I. The corporation confifts of two guild ftewards, 

 who are chofen annually, and an unlimited numlier of bur- 

 gefles. Previous to February 25, 1723, the privilege of 

 eleftion was veiled in all the inhc^bitants having right of 

 common ; but it was then determined, that the power of 

 choofing members rcfided with the ancient burgefles only ; 

 and that the right of returning members was in the guild 

 ftewards. The manor, prebend, and parfonage ot C.ilne, 

 are held by leafes for feveral lives, from the dean, chapter, 

 and trcafurerof Sarum. In the reign of Edward the mar- 

 tyr, a great fynod or convocation was held liere, at the in- 

 ftigation of Dunftan, archbilhop of Canterbury, to deter- 

 mine the controvcrfy between the monks and fecular 

 priefts, which had commenced in the fynods at Wincheftcr, 

 and Catlege, in Cambridgeftiire. From the importance of 

 the queftion, the principal nobility, as well as the bifliops 

 and fcculars, attended. During the debate, while biftiop 

 Beornhelm was pleading for the priefts, the timbers of the 

 aftembly room gave way, and the ftniiture fell to the 

 ground j molt of the fcculars were buried beneath the ruins; 



but 



