C A L 



know, capable of congelation, and the atmofplK-re itftlf 

 w .uld ^rol>al.ly Ucomc a concirtf, if wo could deprive it of 

 aU or the greater part of its heat. Wc have theretuie ar- 

 rired at i very diftiiiAive and appropniitc dcrimtion of ca- 

 loric ; that it is that fubllaiicc or afTeftion of matter which 

 M the caufiT of fluidity iii all or the greater part of the bodies 

 which we met with in that llatc. 



Several writers on this f.ibjea appear to us to have involved 

 il in no inconfiderable degree of obfcurity, by an luiwairant- 

 able dillinaion between hlent and frei or fenfible caloric. 

 There feems to be no fiich dilUnftion in nature : caloric is 

 alwavs fenfible and never latent. The proportion of it in 

 any body is aUvays fnfficlently indicated either by its tempe- 

 rature or its llate with regard to the counterpoifc of thole 

 attradive and icpnlfive powers of which we have been fpeak- 

 m^, and no change can take place in that proportion with- 

 ou'l its occafioninjj a conconiitant change in one or the 

 other of tliefc alTedions. 



Wc have thus traced the outlines of that part of the doc- 

 trine of heat which relates to the cxiltence of this fluid, and 

 which we conceived to beUnig to the prefcnt article ; fuller 

 details of the edeas of this powerful agent, and the other 

 parts of the theory conncdtd with thern, will be found un- 

 dcr Heat, and the other articles to which we have already 

 referred. 



CALORIMETER. See IIfat. 

 CALOTE.S, in Z-j-Aosy, a fpccies of Lacerta, with 

 a round long tail, and the'fore part of the back, and hinder 

 part of the head deiitated. Gmelin. This is the iguana ca- 

 lotcs of I.aur. Aniph. Its body is caruleous, with acute 

 fcalcs beneath, and lanceolated fpines on the back. Found 

 in Afia, particularly in the ifland of Ceylon. 



CALOTO, in Geography, a town and department be- 

 longing to the jurifdidion of Popayan in South America. 

 The extent of this department is confidcrable ; it is alfo rich, 

 and abounds in the produAs of the earth ; the foil being fer- 

 tile, and the country every where inlerfperfed with farms. 

 But of all the parts in thisjurifdiaion, it is the mod fubjeft 

 to tempefts of thunder and lightning. This has brought 

 into vogue " Caloto bells," which are ufed under a per- 

 fuafion that they have a fpecial virtue againll lightning ; and 

 of which we have the following account. The town of Ca- 

 loto, the territory of which contains a great number of In- 

 dians, of a nation called " Pae/.es," was formerly very large ; 

 but ihefe Indians, fuddenly aiTaulting it, forced their way 

 into it, fet fire to the houfes, and maftacred the inhabitants. 

 Among the (lain, was the prieft of the paridi, who was the 

 particular objca of their rage, bccaufe he expofed the folly 

 and wicktdnefs of their idolatry, and the turpitude of their 

 vices ; nor did the bell of the church efcape tlieir rancour, as 

 by its found it reminded them of the hours for receiving re- 

 ligious inllrudtion. After many fruitlefs endeavours to 

 break it, they determined to bury it under ground, that 

 they might not any more be reminded of ihtir duty, and 

 abridged of their liberty. On the news of their revolt, the 

 Spaniards, in the neighbourhood of Caloto, took arms, and 

 having avenged themlelves of the infurgcnts in a battle, they 

 rebuilt the town, and having taken up the bell, placed it in 

 the fteeplc of the nc^v church ; fince which event, the in- 

 habitants, to thtir great aftonithment and joy, obferved, 

 that when a tempell appeared to be blowing in the air, the 

 tolling of the bell difpcrfcd it. The news of this imagined 

 miracle induc'?d many perfons to folicit pieces of it to make 

 clappers for little bells, in order to enjoy the benefit of its 

 virtue, which, in a country peculiarly fuhjeft to tempefts, 

 was deemed highly advantageous. To this ciicumftance 



C A L 



Caloto owes its reputation for bells. Adams's Voyage to 

 South America by Juan and Ulloa, vol. i. p. 342. 



CALOTTE, a cap, or coif of hair, fattin, or other 

 ftuft"; ufcd firft for neccfllty, but now become an ecclefiaf- 

 tical ornament in France, 



It was firll worn by cardinal Richlieu : the red calotte is 

 a badge of a cardinal. 



Calotte, in ArchiteBurc, a round cavity, or depredure 

 in form of a cup, or cap, lathed and plaillered, ufcd to 

 diminiOi the rife, or elevation of a chapel, cabinet, alcove, 

 &c. which, without fuch an expedient, would be too high 

 for other parts of the pile. 



CALOUDE, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, in 

 the fouliah of Dowlatabad ; four miles W. of Carballa, and 

 210 N.W. of Hydrabad. 



CALOVIUS, AnRMfAM, in Biography, a Lutheran 

 divine, was born in 1612, at Morungen, in the duchy of 

 Brunfwick, and became doaor in theology at Rollock, in 

 i6j7, and theological profeffor in that Univeriity. In 164.3, 

 he was made reftorof the college at Dantzick : and in 1650, 

 profeffor of theology at Wittenberg. He was the moll ri- 

 gid divine of his party, and dillinguiflied himfelf on a variety 

 of occafions by his dil'putes with the reformed miniftcrs, and 

 particularly with Calixtus, c^f whom an account is given under 

 the article Calixtins. Such was the part he took in 

 this controverfy, that thofe who cnlilled under his banner 

 were denominated " Calovians." He exercifed the office of 

 fuperintcndant-general of the Lutheran churches, and con- 

 tinued his controverfial warfare till his death in j686. His 

 work; were numerous ; they were chiefly polemical, and are 

 now iorgotten. Moreri. Molbeim, E. H. vol. v. 



CALF, in Mineralogy, a black quarry ftone of Dublin, 

 a fpecies of bafalt, found in large maffes, of a bluifli black, 

 or caik-greyini blue colour, varioufly interfefted with veins, 

 of white calcareous fpar, and often invefted with the fame. 

 In the direftion of its ftrata it calily fplits into large flags. 

 Sp. gr. from 2.646 to 2.70. It effervefces with mineral 

 acids ; and at 130° melts into a black compaa glafs ; contains 

 50 per cent, mild calx, the remainder being Clex, argil, and 

 iion. This mineral feems to be the calcareous trap of La- 

 fius, Hartz. ijo. Kirwan's El. of Min. vol. i. p. 233. 



CALPAS, in ylncient Geography, a river of Afia Minor 

 in Bithynia, at a fraall diftance W. of Sangarius. Strabo 

 and Ptolemy, 



Calpas, orCALPE, a fea-port of Afia Minor, in the 

 Euxine fea, between Heraclea, and Byzantium in Bithynia. 

 CALPE, a mountain of Spain, in that part of Boetica 

 which is now called Andalufia, oppnfite to that in Africa 

 which bore the name of Abyla, and one of thofe which were 

 called the " Columns of Hercules." At the foot of this 

 mountain, towards the fea, (lands Gibraltar. Calpe is (lyled 

 by Strabo a famous ancient Spanifli fea-port ; whereas, 

 Pliny, Ptolemy, Mela, and others, only call it a mountain : 

 whence the learned Bochatt and Cafaubon have thought, 

 that the Calpe of Strabo was inferted, by the miftake of 

 fome tranfcriber, for Carteia. But it has been inferred by 

 fome learned perfons, from an infcription on a medal, with 

 thele letters, C. L Calpe, and «' Colonia Julia Calpe," 

 that Strabo's text is correft ; and they further allege, that 

 Oaavius overtook Csefar near the city of Calpia, which is 

 the fame with Calpe. We may therefore conclude, either 

 that there were feveral cities fituate at the mouth of the 

 ftrait, on account of its advantageous fituation, oneof which- 

 was called Calpe, or Calpia ; or elfe that the Carteia, which 

 was fituate near the promontory of Calpe, had like wife takea 

 that name from it. 



Calpe, in Grecian Antiquity, a race performed by marcs, 



which 



