GEO 



"^ild and kind to Kis patients, who, on his outfct in practice, 

 "'ere alarmed by the folemn air which his fympathy for their 

 fufTerings ocealioned him to afTiinic ; but his reputation foon 

 incrcafed, and he \vas called in confiiltation even by the 

 mofl diftintjuilhed members of the profeflion. In 1709, he 

 was appointed by Louis XIV. to the profefTorfhip of medi- 

 cine, vacant by the death of Tournefort. In his new 

 office he undertook to deliver to his papils a complete 

 hiilory of the materia medica, upon wliich fubjcci he had 

 been for a long time collefting information. He com- 

 pleted his account of the mineral fubftances employed in 

 medicine, of which he gave a moll correct and ample hiilory: 

 and was employed on the vegetable kingdom, n hich he treated 

 alphabetically, and carried no farther tlian the article 

 Melijfa : on the animal kingdom he had not touched ; but 

 the whole of what he had delivered in his leftures was found 

 amoncr his papers in good order, and afterwards publifiied. 

 In 17 12, he fucceeded Fagou as profeflbr of chemillry in 

 the king's garden. In 1726, he was clefted dean of the 

 faculty, in the exercife of the funftions of which he was 

 led into fome aftive and anxious difputes, which, together 

 with the duties of his profeffion, and of his otiier offices, 

 deftroyed his health, which was naturally very delicate. 

 He lingered from the beginning of the year 1730 till the 

 6th of January, i 731, when he died. Notwithltanding his 

 malady, however, he had the refoliition to complete a v.ork, 

 which had been deemed neceffary by preceding deans, but 

 never accompliflied ; namely, a pharmacopeia, containing a 

 colleftion of the compound medicines requifitc to be kept 

 by apothecaries, " Le Code Medicamentaire de la Faculte 

 de Paris,'' of which two editions, enlarged and corrected, 

 were afterwards publifhed. His papers on the materia 

 medica were publifhed under the following title : " Trafta- 

 tus de Materia Medica, five, de Medlcamentorum fimpli- 

 cium hiftoria, virtute, deleftu, et uGi," Paris 1741, 3 vols. 

 8vo. under the infpetlion of Antoine de Jufficu. Several 

 editions have been fubfequently publifiied. It was tranf- 

 lated into French by Ant. Bei-gier, who publifhed 7 vols. 

 l2mo. in 1743, and the remainder in 3 volst in 1750. 

 Arnault de Noblevillc, and Salerne, phyficians of Orleans, 

 publifhed a continuation of this work, under the title of 

 " Hlftoire Naturelle dcs Animaux," Paris 1756, 1757, in 

 6 vols, izmo, which is deemed not unworthy to be ranked 

 with the production of GeofTroy. Eloy. DiA. Hill. 



GEOGLOSSUM, in Botany, from -/;k, the earth, and 

 y\:,i:;-', the toni;i:e, Pcrfoon Syn. Fung. 607. Clafs and order, 

 Cryptogamia Fungi. Nat. Ord. Fungi. — Sett, clavieformei. 



Etr. Ch. Receptacle club-!haped, flefhy, generally com- 

 preffed, Ihort, with a prominent margin next to the llalk. 



This genus of Fimgi is founded by Perfoon on the Cla- 

 varia ophicghjfoides of other authors, with fome different fpe- 

 cies which refemble it, and which have the appearance of a 

 little tongue, grov/ing out of the earth upon a ilalk. He 

 enumerates and defines feven fpecies. His G. hirfutum is 

 Cla-varia ophioglojoides of Sowerby's Fungi, t. 83 ; his G. 

 g'.alrum is a fmaller and fmooth fungus, very like the frufti- 

 fying fpike of the fern OphiogloJJum^ except in being neatly 

 black. 



GEOGNOSY. See Geology and Miyi-nALOGY. 



GEOGRAPHICAL Mile is a minute, or the fixtieth 

 part of a degree of a great circle. See DficnEE and Mile. 



Geographical Tabh, See Map. 



GEOGR.'^PHY, formed of -/)!, <?rra, earth, and yfai?!', 

 feribo, I 'write, I dcfcribc } the doftrine or knowledge of the 

 earth, both as in itfelf and as to its affedtions ; or a defcrip- 

 tion of the terreflrial globe, and particularly of the known 



Vol. XVI. 



GEO 



habitable part thereof, v.-ith all its fubordinate divifions. Geo- 

 graphy cc^nflitutes a branch of mathematics, of ^ mixed kind ; 

 bccaule it confiders the earth, and its aff'-clions, as depcndin"- 

 on quantity; and confequcntly, as meafurable : wz. its figure, 

 place, magnitude, motion, ccloilial appearances, &c. with 

 the fevcrai circles imagined on its furfacc. 



Geography is diflinguifhed from cofmography, as a part 

 from the whole ; this latter ccnfidering the whole vifible 

 world, both heaven and earth. 



From topography and chorography, it is diflinguifhed, as 

 the who'e from a part. 



Goliiitz confiders geography as cither exterior or interior: 

 but Varenius more jullly divides it into general znd/pecia/ ; 

 or univerfal and particular. 



Gi-OOKAi-uy, general m univerfal,h that which confiders 

 the earth in general, without any regard to particular 

 countries, or the alledlions common to the whole, globe ; as 

 its figure-, magnitude, motion, land, fea, &c. And this mav 

 be fubdivided into alfolute geography, which refpeiSts the 

 body of the earth itfe-lf, its parts and pecuhir properties.&c; 

 relative, whicli accounts for the appearance and accidents 

 owing to celeftial caufes ; and cotnparali've, wliich explains 

 thofc properties that arife from comparing different paits of 

 the earth together. 



Geocrapuv, Jpecial or particular, is that which confi- 

 ders the conilitution of the feveral particular regions, or 

 countries, their bounds, figure, &c. v.ith the mountains, fo- 

 refts, mines, waters, plants, and animals, &.c. therein ; as 

 alfo their climates, feafons, heat, weather, diftance from the 

 equator. Sec. and their inhabitants, arts, foods, commodities, 

 cuiloms, language, religion, policy, cities, &c. 



Special geography may be fubdivided, with regard to the 

 feverul periods of its progvcfs, into ancient, including a 

 defcript'.on of the earth, conformably to the knowlcdTe 

 which the sncients had till the decline of the Roman em- 

 pire ; of this kind Cellarius's Ancient Geography is an 

 excellent fummary : the geograpliy of the mean age, which 

 extended from the fall of the Roman empire to the relto- 

 ration of learning ; and midem geography, comprehending 

 the aftual defcription of the earth fince that time. With 

 regard to its objetts and ufes, fpecial geography may be 

 divided into natural, which treats of the divifions and dif- 

 tinftions which nature has made in the furface of the globe, 

 and the complexion, language, 5:c. of its inliabilants ; 

 hjjlorical, comprehending the different revolutions which any 

 country or town has undergone ; ci-vil, ot political, including 

 the government cf any country ; facred, defcribing thofe 

 countries and places that are m.entioned in fcripture and 

 eccleliallical hiilory ; ecc'efiajlical, giving an account of the 

 ecclefiatlical jurifdiction eitablifheJ and exercifed in various 

 countries ; <mil phyjical, which confiders not only the fur- 

 face of the globe, but alfo its intrinfic nature and fub- 

 ilance. Geography is very ancient, at leafl the fpecial 

 part thereof ; for the ancient writers fcarcely went beyond 

 the defcription of countries. Of this kind is the geography 

 which we find in the books of More,";, written about 

 the year .1452 B. C. and that of Homer, in his Iliad and 

 OdyfTey, v>'ho ' flourifned, according to the Arimdclian 

 marbles, 907 years B. C. The geographical know ledge we 

 derive from Herodotus, who flcurifhcd about 445 years 

 B. C, is very partial and imperfed. It chiefly relates to cer- 

 tain parts of Afia, and divers oth.ers unknown, as well a^ 

 the northern and v.ellern parts of Europe ; and alfo Africa, 

 Egypt and Lybia excepted. 



It appears ^fee Ptol. Geog. I. i. c. 9.) that the 

 early geographers, being deflitute of matliematical in- 



Q (Inunenis 



