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•btaincd tlie rrofi-frcrflup of rhetoric in ttie college of Ma- 

 Zariii at Pnris, which office he filled with great reputation 

 jiiore than fifty years. He was a zoalous defender of tlie 

 privileges of the imiverfity, of which he wai fevcral time'; 

 shofen rc^uu-. He obtained c-her preferments connected 

 Tvith the univerfity, but on account of his oppofition to the 

 revocation of an appeal made by the univerfity againll the 

 hull Unigenitus, the court, in 1740, exiled him to Auxcrre. 

 He died in the following year at the age of fevcnty.inne. 

 He was author of many 'works, in which arc diiplayed 

 much erudition and folidity of judgment, but the llylc is 

 fomewhat involved. Among his publications are " De la 

 Teritable Eloquence ;" " Reflexions fur la Rhetorique ;" 

 '« Jugemens dcs Savans fur les Auteurs qui ont traitc dc la 

 Rhetorique," in three volumes 1 2mo. Moreri. 



GIBERTI, GlAMMATEO, a very learned prelate of the 

 «hul-cli of Rome, was born at Palermo towards the clofe 

 •f the fifteenth century. He vifited Rome w^lien he was 

 but twelve years of age, where he was difiinguillied for 

 the brilliancy of his talents, and was introduced to pope 

 Leo X. who entertained a great regard for him. He had 

 a thirll for polite literatute, but was, at an early age, taken 

 from the purfuit, and placed in the fervice of a perfon 

 •1 high rank. By pope Clement VII. he was employed 

 ifi fome very important legations to tlie king of France 

 and other potentates. In 1523 he obtained from his 

 patron the goverament of Tivoli, and in the foUownng 

 year he was created bifhop of Verona : he was not, how- 

 ever, allowed to take pofleflion of his fee, but was kept 

 at Rome as the advifer and friend of the pope. In 1527 

 Giberti was given as one of the hoftages by the pope to 

 the Imperial army, on which occafion he underwent much 

 ill treatment, and was more than once threatened with a 

 Jhameful death. He was, at length, through the inter- 

 pofition of his friend. Cardinal Pompeo Colonna, reftored 

 to his liberty, and retired to his bilhopric, on which he con- 

 tinued to refide till his death, except when occafionally 

 fummoncd to Rome by Paul III. He died in 1543, and 

 his works, which were numerous, have been publifiied col- 

 leftively ; they chiefly confift of his conftitutions and regula- 

 tions for the government of his church, which under his di- 

 reftion became a model of ecclefiaftical difcipline. He 

 eradicated many abufes, and was profufe in alms to the poor. 

 He was the patron of learned men who reforted to his palace, 

 among whom was the celebrated poet Elaminio. He 

 printed at his own expencc, and under his own eye, feveral 

 works of the fathers, and in order to render his editions 

 correft, he entertained fevcr.1l Greek copyills. Moreri. 



GIBET, or Gibbet, a machine in manner of a gallovis 

 ■whereon notorious criminals, after execution, are hung in 

 irons, or chains : as fpeclacles, in terrorcm. 



The word in French, gihet, properly denotes what we 

 eall gallows : it is fuppofcd to come originally from the 

 Arabic gih-l, mount, elevation of ground; by reafon gibets 

 are ufually placed on hills, or eminences. 



GIBLETS, the offals or entrails of a goofe ; including 

 the heart and liver, with the feet, gizzard, &c. 



The word is fuppofed to be formed of goblets, from the 

 French gcieau, mouthful. 



Giblets make a confiderable article in cookery : they 

 boil giblets, llew giblets, make ragouts of giblets, giblet- 

 pies, &c. 



GIBLIEN, in Geography, a town of Egypt, on the 

 left bank of the Nile; 14 miles N. of Afna. 



GIBLOS, a city on the coaft of Phcenicia, between 

 Tripoli and Berytus ; called alfo Bji'los, which fee. 



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GIBON, a town of the ifland of Cuba; 2i iitrles 

 N.N.E. of Bayamo. 



GIBRALEON, a town of Spain, in the province oi 

 Seville, on the river Odiel, with a harbour for fmall filliing 

 veffels ; containing about I JO houfes in two parilhe.*, and 

 fituated about lo miles from the Atlantic ; 44 miles W. of 

 Seville. N. lat. 37' 20'. W.long. 7 i'. 



GIBRALTAR, derived from Gelel, an arable word 

 fignifying mountain, and Tnr'tl:, the name of a Moori{h ge- 

 neral, who conquered Spain and difembarked here in the 

 yeai- 712, is a town of Spain, in the province of Andalufia, 

 but belonging to Great Britain, fituated on a rock, at the 

 fouthern extremity of Europe, and reckoned one of the 

 keys of Spain. This rock forms a promontory from Spain 

 into the fea, oppofite another promontory extending from 

 Africa, bounding a narrew fea, which unites the Atlantic 

 with the Mediterranean, called in Latin " Fretum Hercula- 

 neum, or Gaditaneum," ar.d in Englith the Strain of Gibral- 

 tar. The length is about eight leagues, and the breadth, iij- 

 the narrowcll parts, nearly five. On thefe two promonto. 

 ries are placed the famous mountains of Calpe in Europe^ 

 and Abila in Africa, known to the ancients by the name of 

 the pillars of Hercules. From tbt top of the promontory 

 of Calpe, the eye commands an extent of 40 leagues, two 

 feas, and five kingdoms, ivz. Seville and Granada, in Spain, 

 and Barbary, Fez, and Morocco, in Africa. In endeas. 

 vouring to trace the town mentioned by Mela, Strabo, and 

 Pliny, under the names of Calpe, Cartheya, Melaria, Belo, 

 and Befipo, and alfo the promontory of Juno, iituatsd from 

 eaft to well on the fhore of the ilraits, no veilige is perceived, 

 except the mountain and fcite of Cartheya ; which latter 

 city pafled from the pofleffion of the Phoenicians to that of 

 the Carthaginians, and is now reduced to a mere heap of 

 ruins, fcarcely difcernible in the bay of Gibraltar, where 

 the Carthaginian tower was alfo fituated. This ground is 

 now occupied by a mean farm. On calling your eyes over 

 the kingdoms of Granada and Sevdle, you fee the lofty- 

 ridges of the defert del Cuervo, as well as the mountains of 

 Hogen and Sanorra, and towards the eaft, oppofite to 

 Gibraltar, the new town of Algeziras. In the middle of 

 this inclofure you difiinguifh the ruins of Great Cartheya ; 

 at a fliort dillance, on a little hill, the town of St. Roche is 

 iltuated ; on the eaft you perceive the chain of mountains, 

 called the Sierra de Ronda, abounding in fruits and aroma- 

 tic plants. Near thefe ftood the town of Munda, fo cele- 

 brated in Roman hifiory as the fcene of the battle between 

 the ions of Pompey and Auguftus, when they were difputing 

 the empire of the world. The objefts which bound the ho- 

 rizon on the right are the Sierra Neveda, and the Alpujarras ; 

 on which the fnow lies all the year. The mountains fupply 

 a number of fountains and rivulets of clear water, forming 

 the fources of the Xenil and the Darro ; rivers which water 

 the city of Granada and give fertility to the rich province 

 of Andalufia. 



The promontory on the European fide is joined to Spain 

 by an ifthmus, or neck of land, fo narrow, that from fome 

 afpefls the rock has the appearance of an ifland. The length 

 of the ifthmus is about 200 paces ; acrofs which the 

 Spaniards have drawn a line and fortified it, to prevent the 

 garrifon from having any communication with the country. 



Tiie form of the rocky mountain, on which the fortrefs.of 

 Gibraltar is built, is oblong ; its fummit is a ftiarp craggy 

 ridge, extending nearly from N. to S., almoft three miles, 

 and in breadth no where exceeding f of a mile. The line 

 of its ridge is undulated, and the two extremes are fome- 

 what higher than the centre. The fummit of the Sugar- 

 loaf, which is the highsft poiat towards the fouth, is ele- 



xateii 



