G I N 



Linmus having in the firft inllance defined it from tlic uoodtn 

 cut of Mattliioliis, and in the latter dofcribcd it from a fpe- 

 timen in the Upfal garden. The liiflory of this millake is 

 i;iven at length, by the writer of the prefent article in the 

 Tranfaftions of the Linnx-an Society, v. 9. 131. 



GINGING, in Mn/n?-, Reining or ftainii.g, fignifies the 

 lining of amine-fhaft with Hones or bricks for its fupport. 

 Shallow fliafts, where the meafiires are adapted to Hand, are 

 funk firft, and the lining of them with Hone, or glnging, is be- 

 gun from the bottom and carried up at once to the top : but 

 in finking deep (hafts, after as great a depth is done at once 

 as the nature of the mcafures will permit, a further depth is 

 funk in the bottom, beginning firll withinfide the ginging, 

 and continuing the (haft of that dimini(hcd diameter for 

 12 or 18 inches, according to the foundnefs of the mca- 

 fures in that place, when it is gradually enlarged to the full 

 fize as the finking proceeds, and funk fome yards lower, until 

 upon reaching a bed of ftone, or as great a depth as is judged 

 fafe, according to the nature of the finking, the ginging is be- 

 gun, and carried up to where the dimiiiilhing of the fliafts 

 begins ; when the fame is picked out to admit the fucceffive 

 courfes of ftone or bricks, as high as is judged fafe, then the 

 removal of the remainder of the fupport for the firll ginging 

 is commenced, by cutting out a piece, wide enough to admit 

 of one or two courfes of Hone or bricks, being built up like 

 a pier, which is firmly keyed or underpinned to the ging- 

 ino- above by means of tile-flieds or thin flate if neceiiary : 

 -a fim-.lar piece is then cut out and underpinned on the oppolite 

 fide of the fhaft, and then another between each of thefe, 

 and fo on, urtil the ginging of the lower and upper part is en- 

 tirely joined all round the (hafts. 



■ The (liaft is then deepened withinfide thelaft ginging, and 

 funk, firft narrow and then of its proper width, as far as is 

 judged fafe, when a new ginging is begun, and carried up, 

 ;ind joined to that previoufiy finiflied, as above defcribed. 

 iaolid iione-beds or permanent rocks, which ai-e met with in 

 iiiiking, are not ginged, but the (haft is funk through fuch 

 rocks, of the fame diameter as the inlide of the ginging, 

 v.-hich ftands upon their top and is pinned up beneath their 

 bottoms. 



GINGIVA, in Anatomy, the gum ; a hard fort of flefii, 

 invefting the alveoli, or fockets, of the teeth. See Gnv/j 

 under Ch.inium. 



GINGLARtJS, in ^t Ancient Mujic, a fmall Egyptian 

 flute, which, according to Jnl. Pollux, was proper for a 

 fur.ple melody, perhaps from Iiaving but fev.- holes 



GINGLYMOID, in Anatomy, from •)..j'/?vuuo;, a hinge, 

 and u'-o:,fnrm ; a term applied to certain joints of the body. 



See DtARTHRO.'-IS. 



GINGLYMUS. See Diartii-o.vis. 



GINGO, GlXGOUX, QX G'mgoi'.p, in Geography, a town of 

 'tie Valais ; lo miles W. of Aigle. 



•GINGRA, in Ant'iqmty, a kind of dance uftd at fu- 

 neral?, 



GIKGRAS, or GlXGROs, in the Anckr.t Miifc, a dance 

 perfjrm»;d to the lound of fiUtcs. 



GINGRINA, in Antiquity, a name gi/jn to a fmall kind 

 of fliite !^t for beginners. 



GINGROS, and GlxcaiAS, Mnjcal Inf.mmnits of the 

 AnAcnts. The Phoenician:, according to jithcnxus, had 

 flutes of only a palm, in length, which produced acute, but 

 plaintive founds. The Carians made ufe of them in tlicir 

 funerals: perhaps by Carians the Phoenicians sremcar.t here, 

 as in Corinixi and Bathyllides. Tliofe (lutes derive tlieir 

 names from the lamentations of the Phcen'cians at the death 

 of Adoiiis, «hom tl.:-y caL'ed G'mgns. Encycl. Suppl. 



G I N 



GINHEIM, in Geography, a town of Germany, in the 

 county of Hanau Mun/.eiiberg ; 11 miles \V. of Haiiau. 



GIN-HOA, a town of China, of the third rank, in 

 Qiiang-tong ; 22 miles N. of Chao-tcheou. 



GIN-HOAI, a town of China, of the third rank, iir 

 Se-tchuen ; 32 miles S. of Tche-li-leou. 



GINIPALIAGARUM, a town of Hindooftan ; 25 

 miles E. of Calicut. 



GINKGO, in Botany, Linn. Mant. 313. Kxmpf. Amoen, 

 811. t. 813. — The Japanefe name of a tree, as large as a 

 AVahiut-tree, with leaves rcfcmbling an Ailhmtum. The 

 male fiowcrs are in catkins, the female folitary, on ftalks, 

 producing a drupa, wliofe nut refembles that of a Pijlacia, 

 with a white, fomewhat aftringent, kernel, which is eaten in 

 Japan, being fuppofed to aflift digeftion. This tree is hardy 

 in our gardens, fometimes bearing catkins, but no fruit. 

 The late Mr. Gordon fent a living plant to Liiinxus, who 

 mentions it in an appendix by the above appellation, not be- 

 ing able either to define the genus, or to name it properly, 

 till he knew the fructification. Mr. Salilbury having with 

 great affiduity determined its cffential characters, it was de- 

 dicated to him, by Dr. Smith m the Tranf. of the Linn. 

 Soc. v. 3. 330, and his botanical merits will ever juftify the 

 appropriation. See S-\r,isr,ui!iA. 



GIN-KIA-CENTZE, in Geography, a town of Chinefe 

 Tartsry. N. lat. 41 45'. E. long. 123'^ 29'. 



GIN-KIEOU, a town of Cliina, of the third rank, in 

 Pe-tche!i ; 17 miles N. of Hc-kien. 



GINLIA, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra; I2miles 

 N. E. of Teram.o. 



GINNANI, Francis, in Biography, was born at Ra-. 

 venna in 1716. He was educated in his father's houfe, and 

 at the age of fourteen was placed at Parma, as page to the 

 duke of Antony Farnefe. The duties of this fituation did 

 not prevent him from purluing liis ftudies, and he was parti- 

 cularly attentive to natural hiftory, under the direflion of 

 his uncle Jofeph Ginnani, who was well known for his re- 

 fearches into marine productions. He dtvotcd himftlf to a 

 retired and ftudious life, and was the inventor of divers agri- 

 cultural inftruments and other machines, ufeful as well as 

 curious. His writings, which relate to almcft all the de- 

 partments of natural hiftory, obtained for him an admiffion 

 into the learned locieties of London, Paris, Bern, and Peru- 

 gia, and he held a literary corrcfpondence with many o the 

 moll eiriinent natural philofophers of the age. In private 

 life he was courteous, modeft, and benevolent, and he was 

 particularly cbfervant of the duties of religion. He died 

 at. the age of forty. His principal work was a treatife on 

 the difeafes of corn, with obfervaticns on the caufes and 

 remedies. He publifhed an account of the natural producr 

 tions in the mufeiim of Ravenna, and he greatly interefted 

 liimfelf in the iniTItution of the fociety of that town. H? 

 left behind him fome m.anufcripts, an-ong which v.-as a " Na- 

 turi.l and Civil Hiftory of the Pine Forefts of Ravenna." 

 Gen iMog. 



GIKNIS, in Geography, a town of Turki(h Armicnia ; 

 21 miles W. N. W. cf Erzerum. 



GINNiSH, a town of Hindooftan, in Gnzerat ; 36 miles 

 S. of Amedabad. 



GINONDAYAN, a town on tlie E. coa?! of the illand 

 of Leyta. N. lat. lo'^ 27'. E. long. 125 10. 



GINORIA, in Botcny, was named by Jacquin, to ccm- 

 mcmorate a patron of fcience and cf himfelf, the marquis 

 Charles Ginori, governor of Leghorn, wlio was extremely 

 liberal in fupportmg a botanic garden at Florence. Linn. 

 Gen. 240. Schreb. 323. Jacq. Am.ci-. 148. Willd. Sp. 

 P!. v. 2. 87 J. Mar.. Mill. Dicl. v. 2. Lamarck Dicl. 

 1 V. 2, 



\ 



