G L A 



Fontian. Mifccl. cap. 42. Turneb. Adverf. lib. xi. cap. 6. 

 Lip. Saturn, lib. ii cap. 22. 



Ti-.cre were divers kinds of gladiators, dillinguifhed by 

 their weapons, manner, and tim- of fighting, &c. as, 



The anJabalu, of whom we liuve already given an account 

 under And.\bat.B. 



The caiervarii, who always fought in troops or com- 

 panies, number againft number : or according to others, 

 who fought promifcuoufly, without any certain order. 

 Lipf lib. ii. cap. 16. 



The confummat'i, wiiom authors mention as a fpecies of 

 gladiators, the fame with the rudiarii and veterani ; founding 

 the opinion on a pafTage in Pliny, lib. viii. cap. 7. Bat 

 Lipfius (hew.-, that they have niiilaken Pliny. Saturn, 

 lib. ii. cap. 16. and Turi\eb. Adverl. lib. xxx. cap. 36. 



The C'jbicu/:irii, which are a little precarious, being chiefly 

 founded on a paffage in Lampridius, in the life of the em- 

 peror Commodus : " Inter hic, habitu viclimarii, viclimas 

 immolavit, in arena rudibus, inter cubicukrios ; gladiatores 

 pagnavit lucentibus aliquando mucronibus." 



Turnebus reads riuUaihs inRead of cub'icularlos : and un- 

 dorilands it of thofe who had been dil'miffed, and could 

 no longer be obl'ged to fight, except with fo.ls. 



Salmalius reads glafmtor ; and r.;fers it to the cmpcror^^ 

 who fought not only on the arena, and with foils, orblu-,ted 

 mftruments, but at home, with his f::rv.a.nts and valets de 

 cliambre, and with Iharps. 



Lipfius will have nothing altered in. the text : the gladia- 

 tores cubicularii, he obfervcs, were thofe who fought at 

 private houfes, during foafts, &c Accordingly, Dion fays 

 exprefslv, that Commodus fo.Tietimes fought at home, and 

 even killed fome perfons in fuch rencounters ; but that, in 

 pjblic, he only foiiglit withblunted weapons. 



The diiiuch^, who fought armed with two poniards, or 

 fwords ; or with fword or dagger. Lipf. Satiirn. lib. ii. 

 cap. 13. 



The ejfidarn, who fought in cars ; called alfo, in an iir- 

 fcription lately difcovered at Lyons, ojfcdar'd. Saturn, 

 fcrm. lib ii. cap. 13. 



T\\cjifcahs, or Cjtjarla:i'i, who belonged to the emperor's 

 company ; and who, being more robull asd dexterous than 

 tlie reft, were frequently called for, and therefore named alfo 

 pojlulaihii. Saturn, lib. ii. cap. j6. 



The other kinds were, the hoph,macht, mer'id'mm, myr- 

 tiiilknes, ordinarii, pmnirapi, provccatores, ntlar'ii, rudiarii, 

 Samni:es, fccul&res, fp:8atores, and Thraccs : which fee 

 defcribed under ^lE.HIDI.v^"l, RKXi.'iRii, Se^ltokes, 

 &c. 



Some authors, and particularly Vigenere on Livy, rank 

 the rjf:quenlis, mentioned by Spartian, in his life of Marcus 

 Aiirelius, among the number of gladiators ; Lipfius ridi- 

 cules him, Saturn, lib. ii. cap. 10. and v.ith fome reafon : 

 the obfequentcs properly were the troops which that emperor 

 raifed among the gladiators ; or whom of gladiators he 

 made foldiers. 



GrL.VDi.VTOits' ivar, bellum G/adia'orum, or Sparlaciiim, 

 called alio the firvile tt-ar, was a war which the Romans 

 f.iilained about the year of their city 680. Spartacus, Cri- 

 11U5, Oenomaus, having efcaped, with other gladiators, to 

 the number of fevcnty-tour, out of tlio p'ace where they had 

 b>;en kept at Capua, gathered together a body of Ihivcs, 

 put themfelves at their head, rendered themfelves mailers of 

 all Campania, and gained fevcral victories over the Roman 

 pritors. At length they were defeated, in the year 682, 

 at the extremity of Italy ; having, in vain, attempted to pafs 

 over into Sicily. 



This war proved very formidal le to the Rorran?,. 



G L A 



CriiTus W.-13 not abid to fini(h it: th.- great Eumpcy wa» 

 forced to be fent as general. 



Gi-AuiATO.a, dji/ig, is a mod valuable monument of an- 

 cient Iculptur*, which is now pretrved in tliC palace of 

 Chighi. This man, when he had received the mortal ftroke, 

 is particularly careful, 1,1 procumla! bm/Jle, that he might 

 fall gracefully ; he is feated in a reclining pollure on the 

 giOiUid, and has juil llrcngth furficient to Uipport himfelf on 

 his right arm ; and in his expiring moments, it is plainly feen 

 that he does not abandon himfelf to grief and dejection, but 

 ij folicitous to maintain tiut firmnefs of afpe^, which tlie 

 gladiators valued th.-mfelves on pivferving in this feafon of 

 dillrefs, and that attitude which th.-y hud learnt of the raaf- 

 ters of defence. He fears not deatli, nor feems to betray- 

 any tokens of fear by his countenance, nor to fhcd one tear ; 

 " quis mediocris gladiator ingemuit, quis vultum mutant 

 unquam, quis noa modo iletit, veruir. etiam dccubuit tur- 

 piter," fays Cicero, in that part of his Tufculan, where he 

 is defcribing the ailoniil-.jng Hrinin:fs of thefe perfons. We 

 fee, in this inftance, r.otwithllanding liis remaining ftrength, 

 that he has but a moment to live, and we view him with at- 

 tention, that we may fee him expire and fall: thus the an-- 

 cients knew how to au'mate marble, and to give it aliuoll 

 every expreffion of life. 



GLADIOLE, in Boany. See Clto.mus and Lo- 

 belia. 



GLADIOLUS, a name in Pliny, from gladius,. 

 a fuord, alluding to the form of the leaves. Linn. 

 Gen. 26. Schreb. 35. Wdld. Sp. PI. v. 1. 208. Vahl. 

 Enum. v. 2. 77. Thunb. DilT. n. 7. Ait. H. Kew. cd. 2. 

 V. I. 96 Ker in Ann. of Bot. v. i. 230. Mart. Mill. Diet. 

 V. 2. Jutr. 58. Tourn. t. 190. Lamarck Illuilr. t. 32. 

 Gsrtn, t. II. — Clafs and order, Triaudria Monogynia. 

 Nat. Ord Enfata, Linn. Irid.s, .lufT. 



Gen. Ch. Cab. Spatha inferior, (horter than the corolla, of 

 two oblo.ig permanent valves ; the outcrmoll larger, enfold- 

 ing the inner one. Cor. of one petal, fuperior ; tube cylin- 

 dncal, fwelling upwards, curved ; limb fomcwhat belU 

 n.aped, irregular, in fix deep, oblong, llightly fpreading, 

 unequal feginents, the upper and lowermoit either without 

 or within the lateral ones. Suim Filaments three, infcrted 

 into the mouth of the tube, tliread-lhaped, afcending, 

 fiiorter than the corolla; anthers ovate, incumbent. Piff. 

 Gerracn inferior, triangular ; ftyle thrcad-fhaped ; ftigma* 

 three, fpreading, folded, recurved, obtufe, downy. Piru. 

 Capfule ovate, triangular, obtufe, thin, of three cells and 

 three valves. Seeds numerous, finooth, furrouaded with a 

 membranous wing. 



Eir. Ch. Spatha of two valves. Corolla tubular ; its' 

 linA in fix deep feginents, irregular. Stamens .ifeending. 

 Stigmas tiirec, dilated. Seeds winged. 



Tv.enty-four fpecies of this genus arc defined in the 14th 

 edition of Linnxus's 5" v^t;.Vi7 VegduliUum, of which the ninw 

 /«/, Sp. PI. 53, belongs, we believe, .to Ixia, or fome of its 

 near allies. Willdenow makes 50 fpecies, but Mr. Ker 

 (late Gawler) has, we think, with great p-opriety, ellablilhcd 

 the old genus IValfor.ia, to. wliicli lome of them are removed, 

 while otliers go to liis Tritoma or elfewhere, fo that he 

 r.aiues but 28 Ipecies in Sims and Konig's Annals above' 

 quoted. He is followed by Mr. Dryander in the new edi- 

 tion of the Ho!-tus Ktwaijls, except with regard to his 

 hirfutus, tliere called brevifolius, after Willdcuuw and Jac- 

 quin ; while a moll diftiuct fpecies figured in Curt. Mag. 

 t. 574, by Mr. Ker as a variety of l-'ufutus, is properly re- 

 tained as being the true hirfutus itfelf. Five of Mr. Ker's 

 fpecies are not found in Hort. Kcw. 



We judge-it vieceflary to give a view of die whole g»"nus in 



it»- 



