, G L A 



and Swanft-a ; which fee rcfpeaivcly. The principal rivers 

 arc the Rcmncy, the Taff, the EUvy, the Ronthas, great 

 and fmall, the Ogmore, the Cunno, the Nedd or Neath, 

 the Tawe or Tave, and the Loghor. In this county are 

 fovcral rail-ways and canals. (See Canal.) The canal 

 from Merthyr-Tydvil to Cardiff was completed in the year 

 1798. From the tide-lock, where it enters Pennarth har- 

 bour, up to the town of Cardiff, it is navigable for fkips of 

 400 tons ; but from Cardiff to Merthyr-Tydvd, it is navi- 

 g.ible for barges of 1 00 tons. The head of this canal at 

 Merthyr-Tydvil is j68 fl.-et five inches higher than the tide- 

 lock two miles below Cardiff, where it falls into Pennarth 

 harbour. This canal has upwards of 40 locks upon it in the 

 fpace of 26 miles, which is its whole length ; and it is croffed 

 by more than 40 bridges. For an account of the bridge 

 ■.ikh one arch upon Taff; fee Bridge. In a vale S. W. 

 of Cardiff, near Duffrin houfe, and not far from the village 

 of St. Nicholas, are fome ancient monuments, fuppofed to 

 be druidical. The moil remarkable of thefe monuments is 

 a grey ftone, which clalfes among thofe pieces of antiquity 

 called Cromlechau. (See Cromlech.) This monument 

 is fiipported by five large ftones, endofed entirely on the 

 eaft, weft, and north ildcs, and open to the fouth, forming 

 a confiderably large, though low room, 16 feet in length, 

 15 wide, and, at the eaft end, fix feet high, but only 4i 

 at the weft end. The rubbifh about it prevents the invelli- 

 gation of its eriginal height. The fupporting ftone to the 

 north is 16 feet long ; that on the weft end about nine feet 

 in length. At the eallern extremity three ftones are fet 

 clofely together; the middle ftone is 4\ feet wide, the 

 northern ftone of thefe three about three feet, and the 

 foiithern nearly two feet in width. Thefe ftones, ftanding 

 upright, fupport a large ftone on the top, which forms the 

 roof of this rude apartment. The length of this horizontal 

 ftone is 24 feet ; it is 17 feet in its wideft part, and of dif- 

 ferent breadths at other places; it is 10 feet at one extre- 

 mity, and 1 2 about the middle ; and from two feet to two 

 and a half thick. The area of the top-ftone, therefore, 

 having for its mean breadth 137^ feet, and 24 feet for its 

 length, will contain 324 fquare feet ; whence it appears that 

 it is nearly thrice as large as that of the famous oromlech, 

 near Newport in Pembrokefhire. Near this cromlech are 

 other heaps of ftones called Carneu or Cairn. Of thefe crom- 

 lechs diftereiit opinions have been entertained. Some have 

 fuppofed them to be places of fticlter for the Druids, who 

 always worfhipped in the open air, and after them, for the 

 firft Chriftian priefts, in rain and other inclemencies of the 

 weather ; others have fuppofed them to be oratories, from 

 the tops of which they delivered their difcourfes ; and others 

 again, that they w^ere altars on which vi£lims were offered 

 in the times of Druidifm. 



Glamorganfhirc is divided into ten hundreds, and 118 

 parifhes, which, in 180!, contained 71,525 inhabitants, of 

 whom 6903 were employed in trade and manufafture, and 

 [8,515 in agriculture. Two members are returned for 

 Glamorgan fliire to the Britifh parliament, w's. one for the 

 county, and one for the boroughs, Cardiff, &c. Malkin's 

 South Wales. 



GLAMOUR, or Glamer, an old term of popular 

 fuperftition in Scotland, denoting a kind of magical mill 

 believed to be raifed by forccrers, and which deluded 

 their fpeftators with vifions of things that had no exiftence, 

 altered the appearance of things really exifting, &c. 



GLAN, a river of France, which runs into the Nahe, 

 three miles E. of Sobernheim — Alfc, a river of Carinthia, 

 which rifes near Koft.nberg, and joins the Gurck, four miles 

 Fi..of Clagenfiirt. 7 



G L A 



GLAND, in Anatomy, is a name applied to thofe orgati* 

 of the body, which feparate from the blood conveyed to 

 them by their blood-veffcls various fubftances, generally of 

 a fluid nature, and difcharge them through one or more 

 tubes, called excretory dufts. The term however has been, 

 and is employed more extenfively, having been applied to 

 various organs, which, although analogous in their ftrufturc, 

 on fuperfieial obfervation, to thofe already defignated, do 

 not refemble them at all in their funttions. Thus, the fmall 

 bodies belonging to the lymphatic fyifcm have been called 

 lymphatic or conglobate glands ; although the knowledge 

 hitherto acquired by phyfiologifts conceining the aftion of 

 thefe bodies, and their anatomical relations and conneftions 

 do not warrant us in afcribing to them any funi^ion fimilar 

 to thofe exercifed by the glands properly fo called : the ac- 

 count of thefe will be found under the articles AnsORBENTs 

 and Absorption. The pineal, thyroid and thymus glands, 

 the renal capfules and the fpleen, have all been included in 

 tlie glandular fvftem of the body, but will not be confidercd 

 in tliis article, as we know nothing at all of their offices, and 

 have no reafon to fuppofe that they fecrete any fluid. Our 

 definition will include the fahvary, lacrymal, and Meibomian 

 glands, the tonlils, the ceruminous glands of tlie ear, and 

 tlie febaceous glands of the face, in the head ; the mammary 

 glands in the chell ; the liver, pancreas, and kidneys in the 

 abdomen ; the proftate, tefticle, Cowper's glands, and 

 glandule odorifen about the penis ; and the extenfive 

 fvftem of mucous glands about the head and trunk. Thefe 

 parts, although differing widely from each other in many 

 refpefts, agree in a fnfHcient number of points to allow of 

 their being arranged in one organic fyftem, which has been 

 named the glandular : the other organs juil enumerated, 

 belonging to this only in name, are excluded from the ar- 

 rangement by their texture and properties, their mode of 

 vitality and funftions. The extremities contain no parts 

 belonging to the glandular fyftem ; the fluids formed in the 

 different organs of this apparatus belong almoft entirely 

 to the organic fnnftions, while the limbs are particularly 

 defigned to execute the offices of the animal life. 



As the phyfiology of thefe organs cannot be conveniently 

 feparated from the hiftory of their ftrufture, we fhall con- 

 fider the vital properties as well as the organization of tl e 

 glandular fyftem ; and we fhould make a very unnatural 

 and arbitrary divifion of the matter, if we did not give at 

 the fame time a view of fecretion in general. We (hall pre- 

 fent the reader, in the firft place, with an enumeration and ar- 

 rangement of the fecrcted matters ; we fhall proceed, fe- 

 condly, to give a general view of the organization of the 

 glandular fyftem ; and fhall exhibit, in the third and laR 

 place, the opinions of phyfiologifts concerning the mode 

 of aftion of the glands and the fubjeft of fecretion in ge- 

 neral. The reader will obferve that the prefent article is of 

 a general nature ; the ftrufture of the particular organs will 

 be defcribed on other occafions, and detailed accounts of tlie 

 nature and properties of the various fluids will be found 

 under their refpeftive titles, or in other articles of the 

 work. 



The blood, apparently an homogeneous fluid, is compofcd 

 of various matters, which chemical examination can dcteft 

 and feparate. It contains gelatine, albumen, fibrine, acids, 

 alkalies, earths, faline and colouring matters, which are 

 employed for the renovation of the folids and fluids of the 

 body. It prefents thefe to the various organs, which, by 

 converting them into their own fubftance, derive the means 

 of fupplying the wafte occafioned by the natural aftions of 

 the parts, or form out of them various produfts, diftinguilhed 

 by new charafters, and extraneous to their own compofi- 



tioQ.. 



