GLAND. 



ftance arilcs from the abunJ:iiit colIi\lar tifluc diflribuicd 

 throughout their iubllauce, and not (Vojii any peculiar pro- 

 perty of their glandular titUie. Their lobes are feparatcd 

 in proportion as the intermediate cellular filaments are elon- 

 gated. 



The glandular tiffue, which anatomifls have generally 

 ■ciS[c6. parenchyma, is difpofed in three different ways. i. In 

 the falivary, hcrymal, and pancrer.tlc fjlands, which ara 

 properly called conglomerate, the organ is made of diftinct 

 portions, connected together by a loofe and copious cel- 

 lular texture, the intervals of v.liich tranfmit veflels 

 and nerves. Thefe are r.gain made up of fmaller lobes 

 Bnited in the fame way ; and the divifions are more eafilv 

 purfued when water has penetrated into the connefting 

 fubftance. Repeated diviilons fliew us fmaller and fmaller 

 component portions, till we come at lalt to very fniall bodies, 

 ftill confpicuous to the naked eye, and calL-d glandular acini 

 (grains glanduleux, Fr. ) Thefe component parts are 

 firmer in proportion to their fmallnefs, as they are furruunded 

 and connected to the adjoining portions bv fiiorter and 

 firmer cellular fubftance. We can eafily follow tlie 2d, 

 3d, and even the 4th divifion of thefe lobes with the fcalpel. 

 The acini are of a roundilh figure and pale colour, and dif- 

 tinguilhable from any thing of a mufcular nature by the 

 abfence of fibres. When examined with magnifying glaffes, 

 they are feen divided into fmaller portions by cellular inter- 

 ftices, and we can hardly come to an end of thefe divifions, 

 if we employ fiiccefiively greater magnifying powers. 2. 

 There are no traces of the primary diviiicns juft defcribed, 

 inta the larger and fuccceding lobes, in the liver and liidnies. 

 Theyconfillof an uniform and even tilTuemadeup of glandular 

 acini, clofely united together into one fubftance. The coaueft- 

 ing cellular ftrufture of thefe particles, if there be anv. is very 

 fmall in quantity and ftiort ; hence the facihty with which 

 thefe bodies may be torn, and the kind of granulations 

 which their rupture prefents. 3. The proftnte, tonfils, 

 and all the mucous glands, have no appearance either of 

 primary or fecondary lobei or acini. The firft of thefe 

 confifts of a denfe parcnchvma : the latter of a foft and 

 almoll pulpy fubftance. They cannot be torn, hke the 

 liver and kidnies. 



Controverfy concerning the J}ni3ure of the gJcindular a.-m. — 

 It is eafy to proceed thus far in analyling the compofition 

 of the glands ; but thefe refearchcs do not at all contribute 

 to explain the mec'aanifm of fecretion. In th;> hope of 

 accompliftiing that obi^tt, anatomiils began, as U)on as the 

 improved condition of the fcience furnilhed the means of 

 profeeuting fuch inveftigations, to lubjcct the various fccrc- 

 tory organs to a very attentive and clofe examiivatiou, and 

 endeavoured to Ihew the nature of the acini, into which 

 molt of the glands v.ere ultimately refolvable. Thi; Bid of 

 magnifying glaifes, and of anatomical injections, was reiorted 

 to on this occafion ; but the ojiinions of two individur.l*, 

 who had devoted much time to the fubject, were completely 

 at variance, and gave rife to a controverfy, vvhicli !iad at 

 leail this good effect, tliat it occafioned a very thorougli 

 examination of the fubject. Malpighi taught tiiat the acini 

 are hollow ; that the arteries diilributed on their furface 

 depofit the fecreted fluid in tlieir cavitie.^, and that it is con- 

 veyed thence by an excretory duit ; that tlie union of thefe 

 tubes forms larger excretory canals, &c. He deems the 

 mucous glands of the alimentary canal, mouth, &c. to be 

 the moil fimple forms of glandular ftructure, and confidera 

 that the larger glands differ only in confifting of an aggre- 

 gation of fuch ilmple ones. " Glandula, qua palatum, celo. 

 phagus, inteftina, et confimiles partes copiofe ditantur, eft 

 •mnium fimpliciffima, et idea rehquarum glanduhirum. Hscc 



Vol. XVI. 



itaqucfolllculo meribvanofo fon locr.li cor.ftat, qtjiovali, in. 

 lerdum rotunda, qnandoqne Ienticul.u-i, vrl oblonga cnflat 

 forma ; concavitate pollet, qua: ut phirimum in vjfctJum 

 cxcrctorium aperitur, quo feparatuo humor in peciiliarem 

 capacitatcni, vel foras extra pdlitur. Circa locultitn fen 

 folUculum vafa fanguinca ct nervi diramantur, ct ut coniec- 

 tura ali'eqni licet, carnese fibrx circumducuntur, vcl faltem 

 fub piano extenfi mufculi locantur, ut in ventriculo, et aefe- 

 pliago patct. Huic pruxinuc fucctdunt glandular, inajori 

 loculornm numero ditatx, quales funt in facie, in labris, iii 

 quibufdam cutis partibus, circa pudendum et palatum : 

 excretorio namque vafculo, iiiterduni oblongo multipliccs 

 appenduntur loculi membranofi in ipfum hiantcs, circa quo» 

 fanguinca vafa ct nervl ramiiicantur." Epillob Reg. Soc. 

 Londin. Dic:;ta, in Opp. Poftlium. 



In the Excrcitatloncs de Struttura Vifcerum, Ijc endeavours 

 to prove that the larger glandular bodies are formed on tljc 

 fame principles with tlie parts juft alluded to. He examines 

 the liver by removing the external membrane, macerating it 

 in water, boiling, &c. and employs the microfcope. •; Fa 

 compingcndo itaque h.pate talis videtur firma nature metho- 

 dus : vafa in ranios hinc inde difperguntur ; ad fingulal 

 autem vaforum propagincs, licet etiam exiles, lobuli apper- 

 duntur, conicam ut phninium fervontes figuram : confimilerh 

 etiam in pancreate, CKterifque conglomeratis gb.ndulis ob- 

 fcrvamus.. — Glandulofi acini, quib'.is lobulus componitur, 

 cum pecuharem circumfcriptioncm iiabeant, neccITario pro- 

 pria et ipfis lagura, qux ut plurimum hexagona, vel plurium 

 laterum eft : hinc etiam necefte eft, ut ad invicem, pr.-eter va- 

 forum' ramos, pecul;;iribus mem.branofis vinculis neftar.tur, 

 et interflitia ahqua cmergant, qujc in plfcibus- et imperfc'ftio- 

 ribus magis ccnfpicua funt, in pcrfectioribus autem obfcwran- 

 tur. Ad fingulos autem, hofque r.iinimos lobulos, n\ulti- 

 plices vaforum rami derivantur. Tota jecoris moles ex Lii 

 duobus coalefcit, glandulofis fcilicet acinis, et diverfis vafo- 

 rum propa^iiiibus ; quare, ut nliquod ex his commune opui 

 cmanet, ncceffe eft, ut inter glanduhs ct vjfa commerciura 

 intercedat." Exereit. Anat. de Hcpate, cap. 2. Hcdcfcribe* 

 fimilar acini as cxifting in the kidnies, fjjlecn, and cortical 

 fubftance of the brain. And he defends his opinions on tbi» 

 fubiect in general, by argmnents drawn from various fourcc,^, 

 as the appearances of difeafc, S;c. which cannot be allowed 

 to pn/ve much on either fide. 



The opinion oppofod to that of Mnlpighi, confiders all 

 the vifcera and ri;lands to confift of vefttls and cellular fub- 

 ib.nce, v. iihout any membranous cavities intcrpofed bctweea 

 the arteries and the' excretory dufts. This d.>i:>rinc was paj- 

 ticularly Ui])portcd and extended by Ruyfch, who, alt!>Ougk 

 Le was not remai'kable for quicknsfs or l.'arn:i;g, exceeded 

 moil of his contempmaries in his opportunities o| d-.f^eclion, 

 which w,-re very ample, and continued for nearly eigh: .- yenr.s 

 and in t!ie art of injecting and jjreparing tTic orgai-.s of th? 

 bodv in various ways. His obfervations carried the greater 

 weight, becaui'c he was a\erfe to hypi'tliefes, and tau-it only 

 what he faw. In his yi'ulh he admitted, with other f,ii.-.lo- 

 mifts, the glandular acini of the vifcera. Bnt, vla-n he 

 found, as he proceeded in his anatomical labour-, '.'i-t '■■■eni-_ 

 brani s, naturally perfectly white, exhibit innu' ' ■"' 



after inieition, t'iiat the fubftance of the vifccre. . 

 entirely with injected fluids, and may be refo'vcd -i.u- a :r..-r? 

 vafeuLir contexture bv ulceration in pun.- water, he gr:.!"- 

 ully clianged his opinion, and began to tench that the vjfc.-ra 

 and the conglomcnUe glands, and even moft cf l]K'.i'.:--,p!e 

 ones, are compofed cnti.ely of T.-lTeir-, froin winch tlie crcrc- 

 torv tubes are continued without ;*ny intervening medium. 

 Injections in lliu dead body feem I.t prove the latter circum- 

 ftuice, at fluids in fomo inftanccs pais verv readily fror'. ti:^? 

 1' p bload- 



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