G L A 



tiil-fcathers duflty, tde outer fide of tlie firft tail-L-athffr« 

 white ; nnd the legs and naked p;at of the thighs in ger.-ral 

 red. The fjjecies imiabits chiefly the fouth of Europe, and 

 the milder parts of Afia ; towards the north it becoines 

 more fparingly diffufeil, and is very rarely fecn fo remote 

 from the foutlnvard as I'ritain. It abounds molt in ths 

 plains of the deferts towards the Cafjiian fea, in the neigh- 

 kourhood of the rivers, its food ccr.fifting of aquatic infeds 

 ajid worms. 



One of die varieties of this fpecies is called by Brifiou 

 Glareola torquata, and by Buffon, " Perdrix de. mcr a col- 

 lier." The plumage beneath is v.Iiitc ; the f/ont black, with 

 a white fpot on each fide, and the collar brown. Its fiv.e is 

 rather inftricr to the former, and the legs blackifli infiead of 

 red. This, like the other, i:. a noify reftlefs bird, and fre- 

 quents the banks of rivers, aquatic infects conftituting its 

 principal food. The eggs are oblong, and ufually about fe- 

 T.en ill number in each nell. 



The bird called " Perdrix de mcr" by Sonnerat is an- 

 other variety of this fpecies ; the lower parts of the plumage, 

 and nlfo the rump, are white ; and the ciiin ftreaked with 

 black, and furrounded by a black curved line. This was 

 caught ill the open fea, in the latitude of the Maldivia illes, 

 and lived a month on flies, and bread loaked in water. 



Two other varieties occur in the Ealt Indies, on the coail 

 of Coromandel, aiul are likewife dei'crii:ed bv Sonnerat ; 

 the firll of thefe is brown, the under parts, with the rump 

 and bafe of the tail white ; in the fecoud, the tail-feathers 

 are bruwn^ having the outer ones marlied with a white 

 band. 



SfiNT.iiALEN'si'--. Entirely fufcous. Gmel. Glareola Senega- 

 hiifis, Ijrifl". Tiiii^afufca, Linn. Perdrix demer Irujie, Buff. 

 S,'ii:«al pnitlincolc. Scarcely exceeds the former in lize, be- 

 ing nine inches and a half in lengtli, and inhabits Senegal. 

 T'iie fame variety is found alfo in Siberia. 



N-V.ViA. Brown, fpotted with wliite ; lower part of the 

 belly and vent reddi.'h-white, with black Ipots ; bill and 

 legs black. Gmel. I. a jvrdrix 'de tar lachelee, CrifT. Gal- 

 lliiuhi meLinopiis, Ro'.hnujjl'l , Ray. C'uirok, Buff. Spotted pra- 

 tiiiccle. 



Size of Glareola auflriaca. Tins variety is met with in 

 Germany. 



GLARIANUS, PIkn-rki-s, Lokitus, in Biagraph, 

 furnamed Glariaims, from the town of Glaris, in Switzerland, 

 where he was born in 1498. pie rendered hinifelf famous 

 by his know'edge of mulic, and belles lettres ; but he mav 

 more properly be ranked among dilettanti thcorifts in mufic, 

 than a niuiician by profellion ; and his abilities, as a feholar 

 and critic, have been much lefsdilputed by the learned, than 

 his knowledge of mufic, bv muficians. 



He lUidied at Cologn, Bafil, and Paris ; his preceptor in 

 mufic was .lohu Coehla:us ; and in literature, Erafmus, with 

 whom he lived in ilricl friciidfliip, and bv w'Lom he was 

 warmly recommended, in a letter 111!! extant, to the arch- 

 biiliop of Paris He is called by Walther a philofophcr, 

 n^athematician, hillorian, geographer, tlieulogian, and poet ; 

 indeed, he diltinguiflied himfeif in moll of thefe charadlers. 

 Gerard Voflius calls him a man of great and univerfal learn- 

 ing ; and for his poetry, the emperor Ma.ximilian I. honour- 

 ed him with the laurel crown. 



His famou.<! treatifeon mufic, is entitled -Ifi-^EKAXOPAOX, 

 which im;);its twelve modes ; to wliich number lie wiflied to 

 augment the eecleiiaftical tones, which had r.cvei; before ex- 

 ce<:dal eight, from the time of St. Gregory. Zarlino, and 

 a few more, adopted the opinion of Glariauus, but foon re- 

 linquilhed it, on finding that they had made no converts. In- 

 deed, the whole twelve modes of Glarianus contain no other 

 'Vol. XVT. 



G L A 



intervals than thofe to be found in the key of C and A na- 

 tural, or in the different fpec».s of oftavt-, in thofe two kcy» ; 

 and though Lis augmentation extends the compafs of found* 

 ufcd in the modes, it offers no new arrangev.cnt of intcrTals, 

 as may be feen by his title-pqge, when it tells us that the 

 authentic modes are D, E, P, G, A, C, and the plijral .' , 

 B, C, D, E, G ; where we perceive that A, C, E, G, are 

 repeated, by being made both authentic and plagal. 



If, iiilkad of twelve n;cde«, Glarianus had augmented 

 the eight to twenty-four, by afiignirig two to each femi- 

 tone in the oftave, he would have don; real fci-vice to the 

 mufic of hi', time ; but his coteir.porarie« were not yet rcadv 

 for iuch an innovation, being ftill held too faft in the tram', 

 raels ef the church to dure uie any other f 'iinds tiian thofe 

 which tane had confecrated, and authority admitted within 

 its pale. 



His book, however, contains many curious anecdotes and 

 compofitions of the greatell muiicians of his V.rr.c, whiih 

 were excellent iludies for his conntrymen and rotempo- 

 raries, and, if fcorcd, would be lijll vuv i.illruitive and 

 ufcful to young contrapuntiirs. GlariJnus died 1563, 

 aged 75. 



GEARIS, or Gi.Aiiv.*;, in G<'9;^r/j^^j', a canton in Switzer- 

 land, iormerly fubject to the abbeis of the convent of ."^eck- 

 mguen, in Suabia, but polTeifing a democratical form of 

 government, under a mayor, appointed by the abbefs,-but 

 cholen by the inhabitartls ; till towards the latter end of tlie 

 thirteenth century, the emipcror Rcxi'jlpii I. obtained the 

 exilufive adminiitration of juftice; and toon afterwards his 

 fon Albert purehafed the mayoralty, which had become he- 

 r;dilary, and reunited in his own pcrfon the whole civil ami 

 judicial authority. Tlie government of Albert, and of his 

 defceridans the dukes of Auilri?, was arbitrary and op. 

 preffive ; and therefon , in 1 350, Schweitz, allillcd by Zn- 

 ric, Lucerne, Uri. and Underwald; n, expelled the Aiif- 

 trians from the canton of Glarus, and re-eftablifii4>d the de- 

 mocracy. Glarus then-entered into a perpetual alliance ^nth 

 its deliverers, and was received into the Helvetic confederacv, 

 with fonie leflrictions, whidi were not aboliflied till 1450. 

 It was then the 6th canton, but afterwards became lalt in 

 rank of the eight ancient cantons, as th.ev wer<- called The 

 people of Glarus enjoyed their liberties UKmoltlUd till I tj.SH, 

 when the Audrians made an irruption into tlic canton, and 

 pillaged tl;e country and maffaered the inlulbitants. At this 

 time ;;50 troops of Glarus, afiiiled by 3c Switzei-s, reftlled 

 the V. hole ilrength of the Auilrian army, and comptlled them 

 to retire. In the 1 6th century the reformation was iotrr>- 

 duced into this canton ; but the Protell.Tnts and Catholics 

 have been accuilomed to live together on tirms of mutual 

 toleration and friendfliip : of late the number of Proteilant-: 

 has very much iacreafed, rnd thcii- induitry in everv branch 

 of comn-.ercc is obferved to be far fujx-rior to that of the 

 Catholics. The government of this canton, previouOv t» 

 the French revolution, was entirely democralical ; c^crv 

 perfon at the age of 16 had a vote in the " Landsgemcind, ' 

 or general affembly, which was annually held in an opcii plaiii. 

 This allenibly ratified new laws, laid contributions, entered 

 into a'liances, declared war, and made peace. The '• Lan- 

 damman'' was the chief of the republic, and was cliofen aU 

 ternately from the two fects ; with this differer-cc, thjit the 

 Proteilant remained tliree years in office and the CatJiolic two. 

 The other great officers of Hate, and the bailiffs, were takeii 

 alfo bv lot from a certain number of candidates pn>pofrd 

 bv the people. The executive powers weri- veiled in the 

 council of regency, compofed of 4S Piiiteftants ajid 15 Ca- 

 tholics ; and eaeh fet had its particul.ir court of juftice. This 

 canton comprehends 536 fcpiare tnilcs J aiid it.'; j>opul.ltion i.<! 

 R r ctlimatcJ 



