G L Y 



G M E 



ttie ground afterwards quite clean by hoeing and otlier pro- 

 per means. 



The liquorice is a native of the fouth of Europe, but 

 it has been cultivated in Britain ever fince the time of 

 Turner. (Sec Tourn. Herb. p'. 2. fol. 12. publillied in 

 1562.) The chief places in which it has been loiijj propa- 

 gated for fale are, Pontefract, in Yorkfhire : Workfop, in 

 Nottingliamfli'ire ; and Godalming, in Surry.; but it is now- 

 planted by many gardeners in tlie vicinity of London, wlio 

 fupply the metropolis with the roots. 



Glycyrrhiza, in the Materia Mcdua. The root of 

 the common liquorice, boiled (lightly in a little water, 

 gives out nearly all its fwcetnefs. The decoction, preffed 

 through a ftrainer, and infpiflated with a gentle heat, till it 

 will no longer (lick to the (ingers, affords a bettc:;- extradl 

 than that brouii-ht from abroad,, and particularly from Spain, 

 whence our (hops are chiefly fupplied with it, and its 

 ijuantity amounts to near lialf the weight of the root. The 

 oxtraft that is prepared here, is made by macerating, for 

 four hours, liquorice root diced, a pound, in a gallon of 

 boiling water ; then boiling down to four pints, draining 

 the hot liquor, and evaporating it to a proper coniillencc. 

 A purer extraft may be made by a repetition of the pro- 

 ceiTes of folution and evaporation ; and it is kept in the (hops 

 inidcr the name of " refined liquorice." Reftilied fpirit 

 takes up tl)e fweet matter of the liquorice equally with water; 

 and as it diffolves much lefs of the indpid mucilaginous fub- 

 llance of the root, the fpirituous tinftures and extrafts are 

 proportionably fweeter than the watery. This root con- 

 tains a great quantity of faccharine matter, lefs difpofed to 

 run into fermentation than that of other vegetables, which 

 is joined with fome proportion of mucilage, and hence has a 

 vifcid fweet tafte. From the time of Theophraftus it has 

 been a received opinion that it very powerfully extinguilhes 

 thirit ; accordingly it was named cltlcv, and the root di- 

 refled to be chewed in dropfies and other diforders where 

 great thirft prevailed. If this faft be true, it is the more 

 remarkable, as fweet fubftances in general have a contrary 

 effcdt. Accordingly Dr. Cullen obferves, that the fweet 

 of liquorice, feparated from the root, docs not quench 

 third more than other fweets : and he afcribcs the error 

 vcfpefting it to this circumftance, that if a piece of the 

 root is chewed till the whole of the tweelneis is cxt rafted, 

 farther chexving brings out the acrid and bitterilh matter, 

 which ftimulates the mouth and fauces, fo as to produce an 

 excretion of fluid, and thereby takes off tl-.e thiril which 

 the fweetnefs had produced. Liquorice is in common ufe 

 as a peftoral or emol'ient in catarrhal defluxious on the 

 .breaft, coughs, hoarfenelTcs, &c. Infufions or extrads 

 from it afford likewife very commodious vehicles for the 

 exhibition of other medicines. Lewis's M.M. Cvdlen M.M. 

 Woodv. Med. Bot. 



GLYN, in Geography, a county in the lower dillrift of 

 Georgia, in the United States, bounded E. by the ocean, 

 •N. by- Alatamaha river, which fcparates it from Liberty 

 county, and S. by Camden county. It contains 1374 inha- 

 bitants, including 1092 flaves. Its chief town is Bruns- 

 wick. 



GLYPH, in Arch'i'.eSurs or Sculpture, is any canal or 

 cavity ufed as an ornament. 



The Greek word is y\\i-^r,, v/hich literally fignilies grav- 

 ing, nilchmg. 



X'AMtts is properly a nitch or indenture made in graving ; 

 or, more properly, it is the notch in the end of an arrov.-, 

 in which the ftring goes. 



GLYPTIC AkTj the art of engraving precious Hones. 

 See Gem.s. 



CLYSTER. SceCLysTErt. 



GMELIN, John Gkorge, in Biography, a phyfxian- 

 and eminent botanid, was born at Tubingen on the 12th 

 of Augufl, 1709. He was diftinguifhed by his diligence 

 and early attainments at fchool, and at the age of fourteen 

 was deemed ready for entrance upon the academical ftudics 

 of his native place. In 1727, he took the degree of doc- 

 tor of phyfic, and went to Peterfburgh, whither fome of 

 his teachers had been invited. Here he gained many fa- 

 vours from Blumentooft, the direftor of the academy, 

 and was fo highly efteemed, that, in 1729, he was clefted 

 one of the members of the academy, and in 1731 w-as ap- 

 pointed profe-Ior of chemiftry and natural hiftory. In 1733, 

 he was felecled for the department of natural hiftory, in a 

 commiihon formed by the RuiHan government, for the pur- 

 pofe of exploring the Iicundaries of Siberia ; and fet out 

 on the I9lh of Augufl, with G. P. Muller, and Louis de 

 I'liie de la Croyere, a;id a party of twenty-eight perfons, 

 confifting of draughtfmen, miners, hunters, land furveyors, 

 and twelve foldiers, with a ferjeant and drummer. In the 

 mouth of February, 1743, Gmelin returned fafe-to-Peterf- 

 burgh, after having employed nine years a!id a half in this 

 lofig and dangerous journey, vi'hich proved liighlv interefting 

 to the feiences, and he refumed the olfices which he had be- 

 fore filled. In the year 1749, ''^ entered upon a new pro- 

 fefforfliip, to which he had been appointed, on the death 

 of Bachmeifter, while on a vifit to Tubingen. He died of 

 a fever in May, 1 755, in the forty-fixth year of his age. 

 The works, v.-hich were the refult of his travels through 

 Siberia, obtained for him a confiderable celebrity, efpecially 

 his " Flora Siberica, feu Hiftoria Plantarum Siberia?," 

 Peterfburgh, 1747, 1749, in two parts, large 410. with 

 one hundred plates : the third and fourth parts were pub- 

 lilhed by S. G. Gmelin. He alfo publilhed his " Reife 

 durch Sibirien," &c. ; or Travels through Siberia between 

 the Years 1733 and 1743, Gottingcn, 1751, 1752, in four 

 parts, Svo. with plates. Gen. Biog. 



G-MELiN, SAMLiX GoTTLiEB, fon of Philip Frederick 

 Gmelin, was born at Tubingen in i 743 ; where he obtained' 

 both his icholaftic and academical education, and graduated 

 M. D. in 1763. He gave early proo('s of genius, and 

 during his travels in France and Holland diftinguiflied him- 

 felt fo much by his knowledge of natural hiilory, that he 

 was appointed profclfor in the Academy of Sciences at 

 Peterihurgh. Like the fubjecl of the preceding article, he 

 fpent feveral years in travelling through the diftant pro- 

 vinces of the Rulhan empire, for the purpofes of fcientinc 

 inveiligation ; but ultimately with a lefs fortunate refult. 

 He was appointed, together with profeflbr Guldenlladt, 

 to explore the province of Aftracan, at the rin.e that the 

 tranfit of Venus over the fun's difli. was expeftcd, and fet 

 out in June, 1768. Having examined the countries on th.e 

 weftern fide of the Don, the Perfian provinces on the fouth 

 and fouth-wefl fide of the Cafpian fea, the banks of the 

 Wolga, and, lallly, the eaftern fide of the Cafpian, fo dan- 

 gerous to travellers, he was recalled to Peterfburgh. But 

 when he had arrived within three days journey of Kidar, a 

 fortrefs on the RulTian borders, he was feized by the chan 

 of Chaitaks ; who plundered him of all his property, 

 treated him with great barbarity, and imprifoned him. The 

 health of Gmelin fuffered confiderably at this time, and he 

 laboured under a flux, brought on by improper food and 

 the effefts of climate ; yet the barbarian chief intercepted 

 the provifions fent to him from Kiflar. The emprefs gave 

 orders that he (hould be fefcued by force; but this was 

 rendered impoihble at that time by the rebellion of Pu- 

 gatchef ; and Gmelin died in. confinement, on the 27th of 



July, 



I 



