G R A 



G R A 



Jcft, and the fitiiation of tlie figures with regard to light, 

 mull's be the artill's guide in this matter. 



The gradation of colour includes not only what is men- 

 tioned above, viz. the different decrees of purity, or bril- 

 liancy of the fame colour, but alfo the approximations of 

 rach colour to its neighbour, necelfary to produce harmony; 

 r.nd alio the art of gradually lofnig the local colour in ob- 

 fcnrity, and yet maintaining llie charafter of it in the objcci: 

 which is extremely diHJcult and of great importance in the 

 art of painting. 



GnADATiON, in Rhetnric, is when a feries of coufwlera- 

 tions or proofs is brought riling by degrees, and improving 

 each on the other. See Climax. 



Such is that in Cicero to Herennius: " Africano induftria 

 virtutem, virtus gloriam, gloria xmulos comparavit." 



GR ADI, Italian, degrees. Every ccclefiallical mode, and 

 every key in fecular mufic, has ksgradus, its fcale ; no note of 



wa? anciently rchoarfed on the fteps of the altar : though 

 UgulK) gives us another account, and fays j( took it« 

 denomination gradual becaufc fuiig in the gradual afcent 

 note to note. Magri fpeaks differently ftill, and 



from 



will have it to have taken" its iiame becaufe fuiig while the 



deacon went up the flairs to the pulpit, to fine 



Gofpel. 



GuAni'AL, 



the 



Cradiialis, 



. >' alfo applied to the fifteen 

 plalms, fung among the Hebrews, on the fifteen fleps 

 of the temple. Others arc rather of opinion that they were 

 thus denominated becaufe the fingers raifed their voice by 

 degrees from the firit to the lait. 



Cardinal Bona, in his' treatife of Divine Pfalmody, fays, 

 the fifteen gradual pfalms are intended to rcprefent to the 

 mind, that we only arrive at the perfection of goodn.fs or 

 holinefs, by degrees. He goes on to lav down the fifteen 

 degrees of virtue, correfponding to the fit'teen pfalms ; five 



which can be changed by an accidental fat, fiarp, or natu- of them are for beginners ; five for profisients ; and the refl 

 ral, without changing the key. As in the key- of F major for the perfeft. 



with one flat at the clef, annul that flat by a natural, and 

 the key is changed to C, add anotlier flat and it modulates 

 intoB b. 



GRADISCA, or GnADl.sciI, in Geography, a town of 

 Germany, and capital of a fmall county, annexed with 

 Goritz to the dominions of Auftria, feated on the Lizonzo, 

 built in the year 1473 to ilop the incurlions of the Turks, 

 additionally fortified in 1764, and crefted into a bifliopric in 

 1784; taken by the French in 1797 : — y miles S. of Goritz. 

 N. lat. 46^ 2'. E. long. 13' 27. • — Alio, a town of Scla- 

 vonia, on the river Save, near the borders of Croatia, well 

 peopled and fortified ; 132 miles W. of Belgrade. N. lat. 

 45^ 10'. E. long. 17 ' 50'. 



GRADISELLO, a town of Italy, in the department 

 of the Adda and Ogha ; 8 miles S. of Bieno, 



GRADUATE, a perfon who has the degrees of any 

 faculty : a graduate in phylic, in divinity, in mufic, &c. 

 See Deghke, Doctok, &c. 



This privilege of graduates is no older than the fifteenth 

 century : it being obferved, that men of learning were 

 much neglected by the collators, and patrons of churches ; 

 complaint, therefore, was made to the council of Bafil, 

 where this decree was made ; which was afterwards con- 

 firmed by the Pragmatic Saiidion, and again by the Con- 

 cordat. 



GRADUATION of JJronomical Injlruments, isthedi- 

 viding of a circle, or of fome aliquot part thereof, into de- 

 grees and its fub-divifions, on the limb of any inllniment that 

 is ufed for meafuring angles with a great degree of accu- 

 racy. (See the article Dec:uie.) When the indrumcnt to 



GRADISTA, a town of European Turkey, in Bulga- be graduated is of a portable fize. admitting of only a fmall 

 ria, on the borders of Scrviu ; 40 miles S. of Viddlii radius of curvature for the limb that is to be divided, the 



GRADISZTE, a town of Walachia ; 48 miles N.E. of operation is very readily as well as accurately performed by 



Galacz. N. lat. 45 23'. E.long. 27^ 19' 



GRADITZ, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 

 Konigingratz ; burnt by Zifca ; 12 miles N. of Konigin- 

 gratz. 



GRADO, afmall ifland in the gulf of Venice, near the 

 coail of Friuli, with a town which was the firft fee of the 

 Venetian patriarch. N. lat. 45°. E long. 13- 17'. 



GRADUAL, Graduale, was anciently a church-book, 

 containing divers prayers, rehearfed, or fung, after the epiflle : 

 called in fome of our ancient writers gradile, graduale, grade, 

 &c. 



After reading the epiftle, the chantor afccnded the 

 ambo with his gradual, and rehearfed the prayers, &c. 

 therein; being anfwered by the choir ; whence the 

 name gradual, on account of the iteps or degrees of the 

 ambo. 



The gradual or graile, which the provincial conftitutions 

 of archbifhop Winchelfea, made at Mcrton, A. D. 

 J305, required to be in every church, was a book contain- 

 ing all that was to bf fung by the choir at high raafs ; 

 the trafts, fequences, hallelujahs ; the creed, offertory ; 

 trifagium, and alfo the office for fprinkling the holy water. 

 " Gradale fie diftum, a gradalibus in tali libro conten- 

 tis." 



It is fometimes taken for a mafs-book, or part of it, in- 

 ftitutcd by pope Celefline, anno 430. Sec flat. 37 Hen. 

 VI. cap. 32. 



In the Romidi church, gradual is an appellation ftill 

 given to a verfe which they fing after an cpillle, and which 



an engine, fuch as Ramfden's or Troughton's, the former of 

 which we have defcribed under the article Enci.vk /"er diriJ- 

 ing Circles, kc. but when the radius of the inftruinent is loo 

 large to admit of divifion by an engine, the ta(k of graduat- 

 ing, by the determination and adoption of original dividing 

 points or lines, requires no ordinary portion of Ikill, manual 

 dexterity, and perfewerance to be united. Before the cfta- 

 blifhment of the Royal Obfervatory at Greenwich, the art 

 of graduating was in a rude itate, but a defire to have this 

 inflitution furnifhed with fuperior inflruments of obfervation 

 has ffimulated the different aftronomers royal, fuccelTively, 

 to encourage the t;dents of fuperior artilU from time to time, 

 till at length fuch pcrfeftion it attained, that little more can 

 now be hoped for in the improvement of our beft Englifh 

 inllrumeiits. The hillory of the art of graduating allrono- 

 mical iuilruments, and the gradual developement of themoft 

 convenient and mod accurate modes of proceeding, together 

 with the difficulties to be furmountcd in the various lla>n;s 

 of progrefs towards perfeftion, will be bell explained by a 

 eoncife detail of each fucceffive method of dividing, that 

 has been pratlifed, agreeably to the order of time ; and by 

 remarks arifuig out of each detail, as they mofl naturally 

 occur. 



We know not fufficient of the aftrolabes of Hipparchus 

 and Ptolemy to enable us to give any fatisfadory account of 

 the nature and accuracy of their divifions and fub-divifion.s, 

 though it is probable that the graduated circles on them 

 contained each 360", agreeably to the Egyptian mode ef 

 dividing the circle. Neither can we give a vcrj perfect dc- 



f;:ription 



