G R A 



kII a pvey to the mod danjrerous errors and vices, when 

 Pythagoras came to thfir rehef about 550 years before the 

 Ciiriftian era. His philofopliy and legiflation reformed and 

 improved the manners and policy of Magna Grsecia, and 

 contributed, in an eminent degree, not only to the quiet and 

 happinefs, but to tlie indullry, power, and fplendour of 

 that celebrated country. (See Pythagoras') The con- 

 curring teftimony of hiilorians afTures us, that the fchool of 

 Pythagoras fiouriHied above 40 years to tlie unfpeakable 

 benefit of Magna Gr.xcia when a war arofe between Cro- 

 tona and Sybaris, the latter of which had ever contemptu- 

 oudv rcjetted the Pythagorean inlHtutions. 



Having traced the progrefs towards profperity and renown 

 of Magna Grsecia, it is natural to ftate the caufes of its 

 decay. In Italy, the citiz-.-ns of Crotona had too fooii 

 reafon for lamenting their infurreclion againll their magif- 

 trates, and their dereliction of the difcipline of Pythagoras. 

 The other Greek cities of Italy, which are laid to have 

 imitated the fatal example of Crotona, were haraffed bv wars 

 againll each other, or againll their barbarous neighbours. 

 In 60 years after the death of Pythagoras, an attempt was 

 made to revive his inllitutions ; but in lefs than 40 years a 

 new perfecution entirely drove the Pythagoreans from Italv, 

 and completed, according to Polybius (i. 403.) the confufiun 

 and mifery of that once happy country. Gillies's Hift. of 

 Greece, vol.ii. 



GR.1ECINUS, JuLlL'S, in Biography, a Roman fenator, 

 who flourillied in the reign of Caligula, was fon of a Ro- 

 man knight, and greatly dilHnguilhed for eloqift-Mice, and for 

 the lludy of philofophy, and he carried into practice the 

 moral Icflbns which his iludics led him to contemplate. He 

 refufed to obey the command of the emperor to appear as 

 the accufer of Marcus Silanus, and fuffered death in confe- 

 quence. Seneca fays of him, that he was put to death for 

 the fole reafon, that he was too good a man to be permitted 

 to live under a tyrant. He is mentioned by Columella, as 

 having written a treatife concerning agriculture and the ma- 

 nagement of vines. He was the father of the illuttrious 

 Cn. .lulius Agricola. Univcr. Hift. 



GRAEDER Fiokd, in Geography, a bay of Well 

 Greenland. N. lat. 63 ' 50'. W. long. 49' 30'. 



GRAEMSAY, one of the Orkneys, a flat, fertile 

 ifland, il mile in length, and a mile in breadth, containing 

 32 famihes and 179 inhabitants; i^ir.ile S. of Stromnefs, 

 near the northern extremity of Hoy. The foil of the inte- 

 rior part is thin and fertile; but the coaft is a chain of 

 broken and pointed rocks. It contains a bed of flale, hut 

 no fuel. 



GRAEN, a town of Hindooftan, in Vifiapour; 24 

 miles S. of Ciu-rer. 



GRAESATZ, a town of Croatia; 30 miles S. of 

 Bihacs. 



GR^VIUS, John-George, in Biography, an eminent 

 critic; was born at Naumberg, in Saxony, m 1632. Hav- 

 ing acquired a good knowledge of the learned languages in 

 Germany, he went to Leiplic and ftudied under Rivinus 

 and Strauchius. After this he palled two years at Deven- 

 ter, intimately connected with the celebrated Gronovius, 

 to whom he acknowledged himfclf indebted for a confider- 

 able part of his acquilitions, and whom he after fucceeded 

 isi his profelforfhip. (See Gnoxovif.s. ) His great repu- 

 tation induced the States of Utrecht to inritr him to their 

 univerfitv, and during forty-one years he inllrudled the 

 young men there in pohtics, hiflory, and eloquence, re- 

 fiifing various invitations to other feminaries. He died in 

 the year 1703, at the age of feventy-onc. He was the edi- 

 tor of many of our bell claflTical authors, as Heliod, the 

 greater part cf the woirks of Cicero, F.orus, Cxfar, Sue- 



G R A 



tonius, &c. He compiled alfo " Thefaurus Antiquitatum 

 Romanorum," in 1 2 vols. fol. and "Thefaurus Antiquita- 

 tum Italicorum," in 6 vols. fol. This work was continued 

 by Burman to the forty-fifth volume. Grxvius, as a critic, 

 was moded, and free from pride and pedantr)-, which are 

 faid too frequently to accompany this charaaer. Moreri. 



GRAF, in Geography, one of the fmallcr Wellem ifland* 

 of Scotland, on the W. coall of Lewis. N. lat c8- li' 

 W. long. 6" 53'. 



GRAFFENBERG, a town of Germanv, in the tern- 



tory of Nuremberg; u miles S. E. of For'cheim Alio, 



a town of Upper Carniola; 19 miles S. E. of Laybach. 



GRAFFENECK, a town of Auftria; 10 miles S.W. 

 of Sonnelierg. 



GRAFFER, from the Yr^nch grejier, \.e. /criba,2Lnolary, 

 or fcrivcuer. It is ufed in the itat. 5 Hen. VIII. cap. 1. 



GRAFFIGNY, FnAxcio d'Is.sembolrg d'Hai-po-x- 

 cot.RT DE, in Biography, a literary lady, daughter of a- 

 major of the gendarmerie of the duke of Lorrain, was bom 

 at Nanci about the year 1694. She married de Graffigny,. 

 chamberlain to the duke, a man of violent palTions and molt 

 brutal difpofition, from whom die obtained, after livinfr 

 with him many years, a legal feparation. She now wen't 

 to Paris \\ith mademoifelle de Guife, who was cfpoufed to 

 marllial Richelieu, and foon made her merit known to the 

 wits of the capital. In 1745 (he was announced as the 

 author of a Spanifli novel. This was followed by the 

 " Lettres d'une Peruviennc," in two vols. i2mo. which 

 were much read and admired, though defective in point of 

 ftyle, and in the metaphyfical manner of treating of the 

 paffion of love. One of her bell pieces was entitled 

 " Cenie," a drama in five a(£ls, which was written in profe. 

 She wrote another, which was entitled " La Fille d'Arif- 

 tide," and which obtained a much lefs fliare of public ap- 

 probation. This lady was of a truly eilimablc character 

 in private life, and had many refpectable friends, even in 

 the higheft ranks of fociety. The emperor and emprefs 

 honoured her with particular notice, and made her frequent 

 prefents. She was an allociate of the academy of Florence ; 

 and died at Paris in 1758, at the age of fixtv-four. Gen! 

 Biog. 



GRAFFIO, or GiiAvio, \n owt Old IVriiTt, denotes a- 

 landgra-ve or earl. " Nee princeps nee graffio, hanc leni- 

 tatem mutare audeat.' 



GRAFFIUM, is ufed for a writing-book, regiller, or 

 chartidary of deeds and evidences. 



GRAFT, in Gardening, a name applied to the (hoot or- 

 fcion that is to he infcrtcd into the lb-,ck or branch of the 

 tree, in the operation of grafting. It h»s occaiionally the 

 vulgar term of fr^y given it by gardeners. 



The word is fori). jd of the French ^/-.7^, which ll<Tni(ieS' 

 the fame thing; and .r;v^, in this fenfc, is fuppofed to have 

 been derived from the reftmblance the (hoot bears to the. 

 point of a penknife, whicli was anciently called grrffe. Du 

 Cange goes farther, and derives the ancient grefj'e trom gra- 

 phioLim: Menage, irom grapbium, a Latin worii, lignifyinn- 

 a little llyle, or iron bodkin, one end wlureof was pointed, 

 and fervcd to write on waxen tablets; and the other flat,, 

 ferving to efface or rub out v.hat was written. 



Tiierc are feveral circumltances to be attended to in 

 choofing the grafts. The (hoots or fcions that arc to be 

 employed in this way, Ihould be feleded and cut in v.x 

 manner that will be directed in fpeaking of gr,ift,!-.- : .r.t 

 they ihould never be taken from fuch as have a too ! .: .:.'..•.: 

 growth, or are in the leall degree infected with diitiUt. c: ,.r. , 

 kind. See GK.\yTiKG. 



In the conducting of this procefs, thoug': the vefleis cf 

 the Hock, and thofe of the (hoot or graft are. in I'ojne mea- 



