G R A 



G R A 



fo called by Cook iii 1 770, 

 214 6'. 



S. kt. 16' 57'. 



W. long. 2 Tlie germ or bud ; this is always bid within tlic food or 

 grain, and is thf plant in miiiiaturi; that is to arifc from it. 

 Grafton //7am/, the moft northerly of the Balheciflands (Sec Bud and Gku.m.) And, 3. The meal, or that fan- 

 in the Eall Indian fca. N. lat. 21' 8'. E. long 118' naceous matter which is inclofed in the (kin, and whitii fur. 



rounds tiic germ, and fervcs to give it nourifliment when firll 

 put into the earth, before it is capable of drawing it from 

 tlie earth itfelf. Dr. Grew, in his Anatomv of Plants, has 

 treated of this at large. Sec Fecundation 0/ Planlt, 

 GEUMiswTioy, Vegktatio;;, Sec. 



The whole ftrufture of the plant which produces thcfc 

 feeds is equally admirable. The chaffy huik is admirably 

 adapted to fliield and defend the feed as long as that is uc- 

 cefTary, and then to Lt it fail ; and the lla'.k, fonned hol- 



>4-- 



GRAGNANO, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra ; 

 II miles W.S.W. of Salerno. 



GRAHAM'S Island, one of the Aladin iflands, in the 

 Mergui Archipelago, about 6 miles in circumference. N. lat. 



GRAIG, or GuAlGNAMANNA, a poil-town of Ireland, 

 in the county of Kilkenny. Here is a good bridge over 

 the B.irrow, and the tide flows up. It is 58 miles S. by 



\V. from Dublin. ^ low ana rouna, is neceilanly at once iigiit ana Ilrong, c; ^ 



GRAIN, John Bapti.st lk, in Biop-aphv,\vdLi born, in ble of fullaining the ear, without abforbing too much of the 



1565, at Paris, where he was educated with great care, and juices deftined to its nourifliment ; and the beards of many 



in early youth he was introduced to court, and attached liim. kinds are a defence agr/inll the bird--, that would ctherwife 



felf to the fervice of Henry IV. He was appointed by tiiat defl:roy the feed before its ripening. The covering of the 



prince to the oflice of counfellor, and mailer of requells in feed is formed of two membrane.-;, which meeting in a line 



ordinary to the queen, Mary de Medieis. His employment on one part of the feed, form togetl-.er that fuiTow wc fee in 



was in wTiting, and in attending on the education of his chiU it. This is the place at which the feed is to burll open on 



low and round, is neceiTarily at once light and flrong, capa- 



dren. On their account he drew up Memoirs relative to the 

 hillory of France, which remained in MS. till the chancel- 

 lor de Sillery pcrfuadcd him to pnblifli a part of them. His 

 iirll publication, which he printed in his own houfe, was en- 

 titled, " Decade contenant I'Hiiloire de Henri le Grand, Roi 

 de France et Navarre, IV. du Nom.'' fol. 1614, in ten 

 books. It compri/.es the period from the peace in i Jen, to 

 t';ie king's death in 1610. He publiflied a fecond decade, 

 including the hillory of that king's reign, in 1 61 8. The 

 former decade was prefented to the young king Lewis XIII 



being moiftened. Had not nature provided this means of 

 the germ's coming out, the toughnefs neceffary to the coat 

 of the feed, as a defence from injuries, would have fulTcred 

 the farinaceous matter and the germ to rot together, within 

 it, before it Avould have given tiicm way to come out, and 

 for the germ to grow. 



Nor is this the only ufe of this place of opening. The 

 great Creator of all things has provided thefe feeds, not 

 only for a fupply of the fame fpecie-i of plant, but for cur 

 food, and for that of birds, 5:c. We have art enough to 



who was highly delighted w-.tli the freedom dilplayed by the erect machines for the reducing of the farina to powder, and 



author, and it was at his dehre that the oth-?r was made pub- tlie freeing of it from its covering membrane ; but the birds 



lie. Le Grain, though fortunate in plealing his fovereign, eat it as it is, and it would pals through them whole, and 



made himfelf many enemies by the hoiielly and candour without doing them any good, were it not that the juices of 



which he difplayed in the narration. Attempts were made the flomach Iwelling it up, it burfts open at this furrow, 



to procure a cenfure upon it from the Sorbonne, but they and all the nutritive matter pours itfelf out. De Landes, 



were uufuccefsful, that body declaring that they found no- Trait. Phyf. p. 62. See Fakin'A, Fecula, Flour, Bread, 



thing in it deferving of cenlure. The real grounds of tli. 

 objeftions to it were that the author had fupported the li- 

 berties of the Gallican church ; that he had cenfured at- 

 tempts to introduce into France thofe articles of the coun- 

 cil of Trent, wlilch had been rejefted ; -that he difapproved 

 the eftablifhment of new religious orders, and was not fa- 

 vsurable to the perfecution of heretics. For thefe fentiments. 



For the laws relating to the importation and exportation of 

 fcveral forts of grain, as wheat, barley, oats, &c. See 

 Corn. 



The cleaning and prefernng of grain in a proper fwect 

 condition have long been objetts of confideiable importance, 

 but it is probable that the latter cannot be effeded for any 

 which ought to have endeared him to his countrymen, he was great length of time, 

 continually harafled by bigots, till at .length an order was Different methods of managing grain, after being threflicd 

 procured from the king for the fupprcflion of all the copies out, are praftifcd by farmers ; fome keeping a large propor- 

 of his work, which remained in his hands. The treatment tion of it in the chaS" on the barn floors, while others, after 

 which he experienced diigulled him with the court, and he having it cleaned, put it into facks, and place them in the 

 went into retirement on his eltate of Montgeron, where he fame lituation, or in fome room appropriated to the purpole, 

 died in 1642. He left in MS. a manifeilo relating to all until they can be fent to the market. But each of thcfc 

 the proceedings refpefting his book, which is faid to difplay metiiods is liable to much obje(tlion ; as when it remains 

 in glowing colours the difcouragements attending honell for any length of time on low damp floors, it mull ob- 

 hiilorians under an abfolute monarchy. He left likewife vioufly foon become mufty, however much precaution is 

 the third decade of his hillory, and forae chronological taken to prevent it, whether it be in facks, or in a loofc 

 pieces in MS. Moreri. Hate without being cleaned. 



GR.VIN, Ghaxum, primarily deuotes a fruit, or feed. There is another pratlice fomctimes cmpl«ycd in 



tlic 

 more northern parts of Scotland, according to the author of 

 " Modern .*\griculture ;" which is, that of twilling llraw 

 into large bands, or ropes, and coiling them up in the manner 

 of the cables of Ihips, placing the grain, when threflicd and 

 cleaned, within the coils, in a fort of well, as it were. But 

 whatever elfe of that kind. Thefe are, 1. The outer as the grain in this way rells on the ground or floor, and, of 

 coat or pellicle, which contains all the rell. This in the courfe, is liable to iml)ibe damp, it is not lefs objectionable 

 fame fpeeies of grain is found to be very different in thick- than the others, while it is much inu'rc troiiblcfome, ai\4 

 n^fs in different ears, and as it has grown in different foils. m»re expoied to lols. 



vcL. xvL 4C n 



growing in a fpica, or ear. 



In this fenfe, grain comprehends all forts of corn ; as 

 ivheat, rye, barley, oats, &c. 



Grain, Slru^ure of. Tliere are three particulars obferv- 

 able in every grain, whctlier it be wheat, barley, oat, or 



