G R A I N. 



of the goldfmiths ; though they make a difference in the 

 Weitrhts raifcJ froiu it. Thus, 20 grains, with them, make 

 a fcniple, 3 ; 3 Icruples, a drachm, 3 ; 8 drachms, an 

 ounce, 2, i(c. 



The carat ufej in eilimating the fnienefs of gold, a^ well 

 a; in weighing diamonds and precious ftones, is alfo divided 

 into four grains ; and the carat is about the one hundredth 

 and fiftieth part of an ounce troy, according to Mr. Jeffreys, 

 in liis treatifeon Diamonds and Pearls. 



Hence, tlic jewellers' grain is to the troy grain, ini-erfely, 

 as 600 is to 4S0, that is, directly as four to five. 



Gr.mn, in Englith troy and apothecaries weight, is the 

 4Soth part of a troy pound = 20 mites =: 480 droits =9600 

 pcriots = 230400 blacks, of the affayilts, —. 820386 French 

 grains = .06475 grammes of the new weights of France 

 .= .000 1 42 85 7 pounds avoirdupoife. 



Gu.viS, a weight in France, = 1.2 1893 Englilh troy 

 grains = .0001 7413 Englilh pounds avoirdupoife = .053 1217 

 grammes of the new v.-eights. 



Gu.viN is a'fo ufed for the figure or reprefentation of 

 grains on Hones, fluiTs, leathers, &c. Thus we fay, moroc- 

 co has a bolder and richer, that is, a larger grain, than fiia- 

 green. 



In fome marbles, the grain is very fine; in others coarfer. 

 Steel is known by its grain, which is much finer than that of 

 iron. 



Gr-MS, in Arming, is applied by quarry-men and mnfons 

 to the minute figures in molt blocks of ftone, by which they 

 are difpoled to fplit molt cafi'y in fome certain direction, 

 than in any other, af wood is difpofed to fplit in the direction 

 of. its grain. Beat, fiieet, lamella, and It rat ula, are other 

 terms of almoil fimilar import. Experienced mafons can 

 generAlly dilcover the grain of the moll homogeneous or per- 

 fect iree-ltone blocks, or fuch as will cut with equal eafe 

 in any direction, and this tliey often do, by obferving the 

 directions of the very minute plates of mica, or filver, as 

 they call it, which are frequently found arranged, in the 

 flone, in the direction of the grain, or beat of the ftone ; 

 which, it muftbe obferved, is not aKvays tliat of the beds or 

 ftratification, many rocks having ftratula which crofs their 

 beds obliquely, often at an angle, of from 30° to 45 ' with 

 '■the bed or plane of the llratiim ; and fuch ftratula, not un- 

 commonly, difpofe the llone to fplit into fiags or paviers or 

 even tile-itoiies, or fiates for houfes, and into the moll thin 

 and perfect lamina. Somccimes thefe oblique ftratula crofs 

 ■ ftone beds of very great thicknefs, and have been frequently 

 millaken, by inattentive obfervers, for the ftratification Itfelf, 

 as Mr. Kirwan obferves of the argillites or ilates, p. 283 

 of his " Geological EfTuys." See ST:i.\.TLL.\ and 



Gu.MX, Cochim-al. See CoriilXE.\L. 



Gti.MX, Scarlet. See Scarlet. 



Gr.mn, OUy, in Botany. See Mv.-.GRU.M. 



Gr-\is", Tin. See Sthe.\minc; and Tin. 



Grains, in the Materia Mcdica, or tiie feed.; of vegetables, 

 are dillingnlllied into emuliivc, which yield a conliderable 

 quantity of mucilage and oil, which may be fc-parately ex- 

 trafted from them ; fuch are almonds, and the feeds of 

 almolt all fruits ; and farinaceous, which are entirely com- 

 pofed of a dry fubftance, eafily reducible into a fmc powder, 

 called meal. Of this kind are the grains of all graminous 

 and leguminous plants. 



Gn.vi.v.s, in Rural Economy, a ter.Ti applied to the remains 

 of different fubftances of the grain kind after they have been 

 employed in the brewing of beer, or the diftiiiation of fpi- 

 xituous liquors. They are in much ufe by the farmers and 

 cow-keepers near large towns for ilic fcediug of various de- . 



Icriptions of domeftic animals, fuch as miJch cows, hogj, 

 fowls, gecic, ducks, &c. as well as fometimcs for the fatten- 

 ing oi neat cattle. In this laft intention, it is however ntcef. 

 fary to mix other fubftaiicca with them, fuch ai good pol- 

 lard, coarfe ground oatmeal, &c. It mult be obferled, that 

 theie matters can only be made ufe of while they are in a 

 frefli ftate with advantage. It is of courfe nece.Tar\-, parti- 

 cularly during the more hot fummer months, to employ fuel* 

 means as arc proper for preventing their running into a ftate 

 of fermentation, which would render them wTioliv ufc!efs. 

 This is ufually efletted by having them well preffcd and 

 trodden down into large vats and ciftcrns formed deeply in 

 the ground, and covered from the action of the air. In this 

 way they may be kept pcrfedtly fwcet and fit for ufe for a 

 confiderable length of time. See Cow-keepi.vc and Stall 

 FkkdiNi;. 



Gr.vix.s of ParaiVife. See Mede.^. 



OwSK-CoaJ}, Mnhiguctla, or Pepper-Conjl, in Geography, 

 a country of Guinea, extending about 300 miles along the 

 coall of tlie Atlantic from tlie vicinity of Cape Palmos ta 

 that of the hvlt Mefuiada, but its hmits are not prccifely 

 afcertained ; and bounded by the country of the Foulahs, 

 or the Sierra Leona country on the weft, and the Ivory 

 Coaft on the fi>uth-eaft. It derives its name from the great 

 quantity of Guinea pe|)per which it produce,-;. The climate 

 is infalubrious, and is found to be particularly noxious to 

 Europeans. The productions of this country are peafe, 

 beans, gourds, lemons, oranges, bananas, and a kind of nut 

 with a thick (hell, which is a moft delicious fruit. The 

 palm-wine and dates are iu high perfection ; cows, hogs, 

 Iheep, and goats, are very plentifid ; but this country deiives 

 its chief wealtli from the abundance of Guinea pepper, or 

 grains of Paradife, called Malaguctta by the Portugucfe, 

 which it produces. It fupplies alio a confiderable quantity 

 of pimento. Its commerce has alfo very much eonfiited in 

 ivory and flaves. The natives are reckoned temperate and 

 abllemious ; but they are faid to allow Europeans every 

 kind of familiarity with their females, and to invite them to 

 love-banquets witli their own wives and d.uigl-.ters. They 

 are actuated in common with other negroes, bv an invincible 

 propenfity to Ileal, not only from ftrangers and foreigners, but 

 from the ueareft of their own kindred. Their language is 

 peculiar to themfelves, and difficidt of attainment. Their 

 trade is carried on by ligns and tokens, fome of which are 

 not very decent. The natives are, in general, well-formed, 

 and haudlonie in their perfons and features. Their common 

 drefs is a " paan," or unlhaped piece of cloth round the 

 waift. They are extremely fubject to hernias and ru'-- 

 tures. They have among them limie excellent meclianics, 

 fome of whom underftand and praftife the art of tempering 

 fteel, making arms, and all llcel inllruments, and conftructincj 

 canoes ; others have introduced improvements in hulbandrv, 

 particularly with refpcCt to the method of cultivating rice, 

 millet, and Guinea pepper. Tlieir king, called " taba," 

 " taba fcyle," or " taba fcil," exercifes defpotic authority 

 over his fubjects, and never appears abroad without thf 

 utmoft po:np and magnificence ; and he receives from x\\c 

 people a degree of veneration and awe, wliich belongs to 

 fuperior beings. They are faid to he believers in .1 future 

 ftate, which appears by the ceremonies performed to tlie 

 fouls of the deceafed, and the prayers they oiTer for a happy 

 meeting in another world. They welcome tlie new moon 

 with fongs, dancing, and evfry kind of divcriion ; and their 

 fuperftitious regard for lorccrers is extreme. 



The fole employment of many of the negroes, efpecialiy 

 about the river Seftos, is fiihing, which they perform in 

 thciv caiioe3.by. a hund-iinc and houk. The aniils of Seft-js 



