G R A 



arc alfo peculiarly expert in their manul'aciurc of iron and 

 metal j. 



T!ie Portnguefe poITcned for many years an independent 

 and uncontroided connection with tins country ; hut. in the 

 year 166+ the Englilli and Dutch, pereeivinp; the advantages 

 which were derived from their commerce, interfered, and 

 their rivals prevailed to fnch a degree as to drive the 

 Porluguefe fettlers into tlie interior parts ot the coinitry, 

 where they united thenifelves with the natives ; and trom 

 this intercourfe fprung that nii:<ed progeny of Mvilattoes, 

 who are more numerous here than in any part ot Guinea. 

 The fmall remnant of trade now pofTefTed by the Portuguele 

 i? entrufted with thefe perfons, to whoin they give the ap- 

 pellation of the hidalgos or gentlemen, having profelyted 

 them to their forms of Chrillian faith and practice, and 

 initiated fome of them into holy orders, whom they em.ploy 

 in propagating their notions of Chrillianitv. 



The months moll favourable to trade on this coaft are 

 Febriiary, March, and April ; fmall veflcls, which are 

 capable of failing up the rivers into the country, are more 

 convenient than large (liips ; and it fhould be recolleded, 

 that the S.S.E. winds begin to blow in the month of May, 

 and they bring with them heavy rains and tornadoes, with 

 terrible thunder and lightning, extremely dangerous to 

 fliipping. 



GRAINE, an ifland in the mcnth of the river Thames, 

 about ^^ miles long, and 2-' broad, fcparated from the coafl 

 of Kent by a narrow channel, called the " Stray," or 

 " Yenlade." It is low, flat, and marfhy, and has upon it 

 only a number of detached huts, with fome fait works. N. 

 lat. 51° 2-7'. E. long, o"' 42'. 



GRAINED Med.\l.s. See Med.\l. 



Crofs Gii.\iXED Stuff. See Cuoss Grained. 



GRAINGER, James, in Biography, a phyfician and 

 poet, was born at Dunie, a fmall town in the fouth of 

 Scotland, about the year 172^. After finiihing his fchool 

 education, he was fent to Edinburgh, where he commenced 

 his medical ftudies under profeffors who were highly cele- 

 brated through the medical world, and in due time he 

 received his degree of M. D. He com.menced his proief- 

 iior.al career as furgeon in the army, and in that capacity 

 he ferved in Germany, under the earl of Stair, till the peace 

 cf Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. He afterwards fettled in 

 I.,ondon, and pratlifed as a phyiician. He here obtained 

 -and cultivated the friendfliip of feveral diftinguilhed literary 

 men, particularly of Shenltone and Dr. Percy, afterwards 

 bifhop of Dromore. While in London he publillied his 

 tranflation of the elegies of Tibullus ; but this work did 

 not receive the approbation to which he thought it entitled, 

 efpecially from Dr. Smollet, whofe criticifms were the oc- 

 calion of a long paper-war between them, and produced an 

 irrcconcileable difference. Probably his fuccefs in practice 

 in London was not great, as he embraced an offer of fet- 

 thng advaatageoufly m the ifland of St. Chriftopher, in the 

 Well Indies ; where, by marriage, he became connected 

 with feveral of the principal families, and practifed his pro- 

 feffion with great • fuccefs. He continued, hovv'ever, to 

 cultivate liis attachment to the mufes, and wrote, during his 

 leifure hours, an intereiling poem " On the Culture of the 

 •Sugar Cane." He likewife compofed a treatife " On the 

 Difcafes of the Weft Indies," for the ufe of the planters. 

 At the concluiion of the war, he paid a vifit to his native 

 country, and at the fame time publillied his poem, with 

 copious notes relative to the natural hiilory of the ifland. 

 He afterward returned to St. Chnilopher's, and continued 

 to practife till the begmning of the \ear 1767, when he 

 was-feiaed with a.fever, whieb.thea wged u» tt* ifland, and 



G R A 



died. Dr. Grainger was benevolent in his difpofition, 

 engaging in !n.i manners, and an able phyfician : he ranks 

 alfo conllderably above mediocrity as a poet. ' An " Ode 

 to SoUtude," and " A Weft Indian Ballad," (the latter 

 publifhol in Dr. Percy's collection) have been much ad- 

 mired. He publillied feveral medical tracls, Jlutchinfon. 

 Biog. Med. 



GuAiNGER, in Geography, a county of America, in the 

 diftriil of Hamilton, Tensfiee, formed of parts of the 

 counties of Knox, Jefterfon, and Hawkins, .and bounded 

 N. by Virginia and Kentucky. Its chief town is Rutledge. 

 It is very mountainous, interfperfed with fertile valleys. 

 It contains 7367 inhabitants, of whom 496 are Haves. 



GRAINING, in Ichlhyolo^y, the name of a fifh found 

 in the Merfey, near Warrington ; it refembles the dace, 

 but is more {lender, and has a llraighter hack. See D.iCE. 



Gk.\imng Board is u board ufed by the curriers, to give 

 the grain to their leather. 



It is made with teeth, or notches, running quite acrofs • 

 into which the foft, moiftened, iuppled leather being 

 prefTed, its furface readily takes the impreffior,. See 

 CunnYiNG. 



GRAINVILLE, in Geography, a town of France, in 

 the department of the Eure, and chief place of a canton, in 

 the diiiricl of Les Andelys. The place contains 393, and the 

 canton 10,846 inhabitants, on a territory cf 185 kiliome- 

 tres, in 32 communes. 



GRAKLE, in Ornithology. See Gracula and Para- 



DISKA. 



GRALL^, the fourth order of birds, coraprifing thofe 

 which have the bill cylindrical, and a little obtufe ; tongue 

 entire and flefliv ; and the lej.s naked above the knees. 



GRALLATORI^. See Clas.sipication. 



GRx\MAT, in Geography, a town of France, in the de- 

 partment of the Lot, and chief place of a canton, in the 

 dillricl: of Gourdon ; 22 miles N.N.E. of Cahors. N. lat. 

 44 47'. E. long. I ' 49'. The place contains 1842, and 

 the canton 9S88 inhabitants, on a territory of 275 kihon.e- 

 tres, in nine communes. 



GRAMAYE, Jonx Baptlst, in Biography, a writer 

 of hiilory, was a native of Antwerp,, and rlourilliedin the 

 earlv part of the 17th century. He ftudicd at Louvaiq, 

 and became profeilor of rhetoric in that univerfity. He 

 was afterwards hiftoriographer to tlw Low Countries, and 

 obtained ionic other offices of truil and honour. He tra- 

 velled through the greater parts of Germany and Italy, and 

 proceeding from tlie latter country to Spain, he was made 

 captive by an Algerine corfair and carried to Africa. How 

 he obtained his releafe does not appear, but his writings 

 prove that he had been an attentive obierver of that country. 

 Upon his return to his native land, he travelled into Mora- 

 via and Silefia, and in the latter province he was, by cardi- 

 nal Dietrichllein, placed at the head of a college. He died 

 at Lubec in 1635, leaving behind him many works, which 

 fhew that he was unquellionably a man of great learning. 

 He wrote in profe and alfo in verfe. Of the former are 

 " Africae lUuflratie, lib. x.' 4to. 1622 : " Diarium Algeri- 

 enfe;" " Peregrinatio Belgica ;" " Antiquitates Flandria; ;" 

 and " Hilloria Namurccncis." The lirll of this lift of works 

 contains a hiilory of Africa from the remotell periods to his 

 own times, with geographical details ; and the fecund is the 

 rtiult of local oblervation during his captivity. Moreri. 

 GRAMEN, in Botany. See Gramixa. 

 Gramen' Murorum, Micahr.giffima. See Festuca. 

 GRAMINA, Gralfes, a molt natural order of plants, 

 the fourth of l^inna-us, and the fourth order of the lecond 

 clafs in the Genera Plantarum of Jufiieu, who.choofes. to 



aker 



