GRAMMA R. 



wordT to tlicir Kcnuinc roots, (lops up aU the true fources 

 of informalic.n on the fubjodl of language. As we have 

 pafll-d this cenfure on liis fyftem, we feel ourfelves called 

 upon to juftify it by more numerous inllaiices. And we 

 think this the more nccoffary, as fahfcquent grammanans, 

 and the pubhc in general, feem willing to aequiefcc ni his 

 portions as incontrovcrlibly iull. 



In doing this we (hall adopt the words which prclent 

 themlelvest without much fclefHon, referring our readers to 

 tlie page where they occur in his fecond volume. It was im- 

 poflible to err as to the derivation of ri^ht from rtiliim ; but 

 fime'.h'ws ordered is not the leading idea of the term, though 

 Mr. Tooke employs many tjuarto pages m explanung it on 



prafticc very frequent in Latin ; and hence tlie Anglo- 

 Saxon yrj'jvrn, to flieer. 



One of thofe broad analogies by which the Latin fcpa- 

 ratcd from tlie Greek, is to convert a guttural into a labial, 

 as in yj.on, jlos, yQ^'xe^o-, fiortdus. Thus it may be, cultus 

 became, as it were, fid/ns, fid/,Jield, 1. e. a cultivated ground, 

 and not a place felled, p. 41. Coward is the participle of 

 cower, to bend ; but the parent of this verb is corruo, to 

 flu-ink, p. 42. Bread is beared, ;. e. the produce of the 

 carlli, as beam, offspring, is Loren, fometliing bqrn, and not 

 from the obfolete iray, to pound, which is taken from the 

 I^alin frlco or franco ; both of which originated in the 

 Arabic T)"^^, pharac. Fiend, foe, is the participial termina- 



this principle. The primary fenfe of ri^ht in flraigli*, a re- tion of,5.i, or pisiiji., violence, in which, as Socrates fays, there 

 iativeterm, denoting the means to an end. Thus, virtue is is etimify ; while friend is the fame form oi frau, a woman, 



;.././, 



.-ivM, becaufe it is the fhort or direA road to happmefs. 

 Tliat hand is ri^ht, which does its work in the JJ.wrlef wav. 

 Property is ri^ht, becaufe it is the ilraight road to the wel- 

 fare of lociety. In this fenfc we may fay of God, if we fay 

 it with reverence, that it is right in him, becaufe, when he 

 has an end to anfwer, right means the Ilraight way to ac- 

 complilh it. " The left-hand is that which is leaveel, or 

 which we are taught to leave out of ufe on fuch occafion," 

 p. 10. This app'ears to us nonfenfe. Left is the Greek 

 ;.xio.-, and Latin 'Uvus, with /, the ufual termination of nor- 

 thern words. Lex, l*"r. lot, and our leiw, is from lego, and 

 means fomething read or diclated, and not fomething placed, 

 p. S. The Anglo-Saxon, leegan, ponere, is but a corruption 

 of locare, to place. Jujlus, indeed, means fomething com- 

 manded, ju/^Z/m, homjubco. But this lall is the Hebrew 21> 

 gob, and tlie Arabic jaab, to anfwer or affent. Hence, m 

 Latin, jukre legem, to enaft a law, i. c. to allow it to pafs, 

 and promife to obey it, 



" To ciicnl is to do as the euckow does," p. 21. Few 

 people know how the euckow does ; but all know 

 how a cock acts on fuch occafions. Kokoraa is an Eallern 

 word, which, coming into Italy, gave birth to cicurio, to 

 trow ; and, changing r into the connate /, as is often the 

 cafe, to loiolaa, which, in Celtic, is iilog and iilegee, to aft 

 as a cock does with a hen. This, we prefume, is the origin 



(from ?)!;a i. e. the bearing animal,) and fcems at firft to 

 mean a female loved. The letter /, being of the fame 

 organs with n, is often changed for it in all languages, 

 as yj/ji^n, lympha ; '7n-vij.a,pid/i20. On the fame principle, the 

 Hebrew 0X3 > naaph, to marry, became laaf, or love. The 

 Hebrew fi'p, hhit, and the Perfian hhod,felf, pafling to the 

 North, gave birth to the pronoun kit, or, as it is farther 

 corrupted, it, which, like ;'</ in Latin, diredts the attention 

 to fomething going before, and is a fubilitute fur it. Gothic 

 haitan, vYnglo-Saxon hstan, or gietav, to fpeah or command, 

 is, perhaps, the Greek rxi/'riocu, which, in Celtic, is givyd, in 

 Enghfh quoth, and in Latin in the compound form of in-quit, 



P-53- . . 



Tight, i e. tieA, and the Gothic /wn, is from ttkuj-i-. In 

 fold up, 67. Ttuijl is tortus or ttjlvs, and not that wliich ia 

 iiuiced. Quilt is coiled, (xnXn,) twilled. Draught, drag, 

 is T^axcci; traho. Tilt is tilted, lifted, from -riWu, tollo. " Bar- 

 ren, i. e. barred, clofed, fliut'', p. 72. The verbs 9?fi-, 

 fero, bear, paro, parco, pario, with tJie numerous tribes of 

 words derived from thefe in all languages, owe their exift- 

 ence to the Arabic barron, the earth, or that which produces 

 all things : and barren, we prefume, mea:)t primarily an ani- 

 mal having produced ; and thence it denoted infrrundily, con,* 

 fequent on produftion, or, more general! ), incapacity to 

 produce. Tlie Hebrew "i'^, _/ltr, denotes any thing r/o/f, 

 of cuckold. Hen-pecked is a figure of the fame nature, and Jljarp, or hard. Hence the Greek r!??"-, frm, rigid ; and 

 from the fame fource. " Alert \% all-creHa,'' p. 24. No, ourflern, -p. "j^. The fame word in Arabic means a harfli or 

 we prefume it is all-ert, or all-art, i. e. all adive. The word acute found, and hence fecmingly the Englith Jlir. The 

 tirt, fignifying Ikill, came to fignify that diligence by which Arabic *TJJ^, ferr, which we Ihould pronounce_y7fi;r, denotes 

 flvill is attained. The oppolite, which fanttions this cty- to flow, or to move as water does. Hence the Anglo-Saxon 

 mology, is inert, not aclive. A knave, i. e. a man cunningly fliran, which means to caufc a Ihip to move, which is the 

 fliilful, came, by the fame afTociation, irom gnavus, dihgent. meaning of the hence-dcrivedy/iYr. Stern is that part of a 



" La/Jj, (French lafche) of a whip, i. e. that part of it 

 which is /:■/ loofe," p. 32. Rather from Auyo?, an of/er. 

 The French lafche, or the Italian lafciare, is the Latin 

 lasare, from ^uyoi', to bend. To bren, or to burn, gave birth 



(hip which is thus moved. The Hebrew "T|J, gur, to turn, 

 has given birth to churn, turning or (lining cream being t! e 

 means of obtaining butter, which in Anglo-Saxon hgyran,']6i 

 to year, which is a revolution of time ; to yarn, which means 



to brand, i. e. a mark by burning ; — brandy, i. e. fpirits therefore fomething turned or twijkd, and not prepared, 

 which burn ; — brown, i. e. bread burnt ; — brunt, brunt of the riiXo;, pilus, means hair on the head ; hence it fignified to form 



battle, ;. e. the heat of the battle, or the place where the 

 battle burns. The origin is furnus, an oven. Odd is not 

 the participle owed, i. e. fomething owed to make up a 

 pair, p. 38 ; but the Hebrew "inSN "had, one, hngle, fin- 

 ijular, i. c. one that has no other to make an even number, 

 or pair, with him. Thus we lay, an odd man, i. e. a fin- 

 gidar man. Loud, p. 39, is, we prefume, from yJ.ii-or, a 

 voice heard. The Anglo-Saxon, derived from this word, 

 lias preferved the k afpirated, hlowan. In Celtic it is cloed. 



hair, or to grow into a head. And this is the origin of our 

 words pile, build. Bold or bald originated in validus, bodily 

 (Irength naturally infpiring mental energy, 79 ; but bolt, p. 128, 

 h Bo,o;OT iSxnza:, the thing call, 129. .Soar is the Hebrew 

 "l^yD' ^"'"f) a (lurdy (lupid animal ; but brawn we think 

 is not baeren, but pork, porken, proken, brawn, from porcust 

 and therefore it means the flclh of a pig, 87. 



Chop, chip, is fomething cut off, frora>:o~7a'. The Anglo. 

 Saxon plihtan, to pledge, is from xXncrs-iJ or rrXn-) i', to flrike. 



that which is heard in praife of a man. The Latin has plight being a bargain llruck. i'/;;;/ is the fame in fenie and 



rejefted the guttural altogether in laiido. The Greek found with the Arabic *7jy, _/?;«//. The Anglo-Saxonyrrf^in 



poets have applied the epithet y.>.i/To: to fuch animals as is nothing but the Hcbivw fi^>,_/Zi//, ?m/(v; and hence it came 



bleat ; hence low : Jhred, or Jljerd,fhur,Jhjre, (as plough to fignify the aftion of the nates in throwing away the excre- 



fliare) p. 41. come from xtij.., to clip, by prefixing s, a ments. We fhal! merely add the following lift, and all the 



7 worda 



