GRAMMAR, 



tt'ords in the laboured chapter on ahj}ra8kn are, with few 

 exceptions, capable of being Ir.icrd in the fame manner ; 

 and we defire our readers to compare the derivations here 

 given with thofe of Mr. Tookc in the pages referred to. 



Gj-v-XXfi', to divulge or cxpofe ; trull, a public woman, p. 153. 

 TooTTii, to turn, drab, a woman that turns about, a vagabond 

 woman, 154: hence the Gotliic traliiin, to drive about, or 

 turnout, 155. The Arabic fl'^V', a/j>h, racdM^ food, fiip- 

 port , and hence /oiif, the means of fubfiltence. The Anglo- 

 Saxon has preferved the nafal afpirate hLif, 157. From Ao^o-, 

 a hUl, came the Anglo-Saxon hl'ijiau, to raife to an high place ; 

 hence too lofty, lift, 162. ]y~|, rhcn, Anglo-Saxon gre- 

 tiian, virefcerc, grettt. r»jaa-xai, Anglo-Saxon geregnan, to 

 decay. Grey, 167, the colour of old age. '^•'^^, Jliar, 

 Jhotver. fTlj^', yZvVf, principality. Shire, fire, fir. Ruga, a 

 wrinkle. Rcugh, Anglo-Saxon rof, 177. Tfi/, uveive, -woof, 

 Anglo-Saxon luefan, 178. Tas-o-o.', to arrange, bind, com- 

 mand; hence tcxo, to lueave ; lax, tribute, i. e. lag, the 

 thing fallened, 179. T£^^w, to rife ; hence tollo, tall, i. e. 

 what ia r.ufed, Teaai; fignifies alfo to command, and thence it 

 came to denote voice, or found in general ; tell, tale, toll, the 

 lOuud of a bell. T.v.o , a tribute, talio, to pay, toll. 

 Aov^(Li■, to Have, to tail, or, as it was formerly fpelt, tueil, 

 val ; tool, the medium of toil, an inftrument. Hence, 

 moreover, Anglo-Saxon tiU'ian, till, i. e. to flave on the ground, 

 cultivate the ground, 180. ~)]3, bar, fomethi'ng added on 

 the outfide for tlie fake of defence, is the origin of bar : 

 n'"113' bareich, is burgh, borough, a place barred, i. e. 

 fecured, wliich in Greek is ■^v^yoc, a tower, and in 

 Englifh park: moreover, the bari of a tree is p"!^, 

 tirk, or that which feparates from the tree. The 

 Arabic horhaan, a nobleman, is the parent of baron, 

 and to this fenfe of the word St. Paul alludes, in 

 AAs, xvii. " the Berenns were more Hoi/c_than thofe of Thcf- 

 falonica." "iVQ' phalk, in Arabic means afhip, and this, by 

 changing /into r, gave birth to bark and barge, 182. 11^, 

 lur, pit or grave, bury. Xi'^ij is Jlore, Jreafure, 185. 

 Q^,*, flarm, to inundate, is the Anglo-Saxon_y?j»-m<;n,to rage 

 as a flood, and hence _/?/•/?-»), 183. ^^ .1, dana, in Arabic 

 means a body of people come together ; hence town, 201. 

 JT3, beet, means a houfe, a place that, holds or contains ; 

 hence bed, abode, pot, in Greek /?r.:iTi-, in Celtic bedh, the 

 laft abode of man, ai'.d^;V. Caufo, to plead, to deliberate, gaVe 

 hM\i to choice, the effccl of deliberation, and to cozen, i. e. 

 to deceive by pleading. The '?tx'i\7cnjl.nraab, is vine, juice; 

 and hence the Latinyirfoo, and the Engli(li_/^7-«/,_/Z>/-uZ', 2oy. 

 *^n2' "nehur, morroiv, Anglo-Saxon mcrgen, viorn. ©ifu. 

 So heat, to dry, to evaporate by heat ; hence Anglo-Saxon 

 drygan, drain, 224. \'r,yrj , a garnn'nt, rug, rig T^i-p^j;!', 

 triiho, Anglo-Saxon drag, dragen, drone, an infeft that 

 drags itfelf. ^"3Ji,S fkaU protiuced fkdl. The Anglo- 

 Saxonfcylan, to leparate, feenis to have come from itxeX-),-, leg. 

 i. e. to put the legs in action, to feparate one from the other. 

 Sea!:, to difperfe, is o-xiXXi', ja3o ; \\\ii\<: fcale, to weigh, is 

 *^p5y, ^fl^iakl, 233. &i'X'', ''ii''X'"-, is brook. <I>avXo;, Joul, 

 Anglo-Saxon fytan, file, defile. Ym, genu, inee. A'uo, 

 nulus, nod,2^j^. 'VsXo-:, talio, toie, dole, dollar, deal, Z^6. JJ/*^, 

 X>.!>/', Angio-Saxon hlian. Ta^t^o-tfalted curds, tart iTtyo,-, a 

 roof, Anglo-S.;xonj(.'/ji7n, to afcend the roof. Sty, a place cover- 

 ed for hogs. Stage, a place covered for adtors to entertain the 

 people. Xl\u.,Jluo, by tranfpofing /, is fill, Jill- I'Vrveo, 

 fretum, the boiling fea ; hence bruit, noife ot the boiling 

 waves, and the Q>tA\c food, alfo/r;/. Pifci, to feed, An- 

 glo-Saxon byfcian, to be occupied in feeding cattle, biify. 

 V"l, din, dun, dint, 305. Kf^^ua, a fm:Jl piece, crum, An- 

 glo-Saxoii grymman, to prepare taall pieces by fice. Dano, 



to produce, yield, is the parent of do. QT^, dum, mult, 

 dumb. Miifi, /x^jo-j mors, Anglo-Saxon myrran, mar. "ir»r»«j 

 famad, truiAw:, finite, fnilh, f miller, 416. If " X> <"''s> '» 

 Arabic (7ar/Zr, f(2/7Z>, 417. 



Thefe fpecimens (and they are ample fpecimens) will be 

 fufficient to enable us to form ajuilcHimate of Mr Tooke'S 

 merit as an etymologift. If the above are well founded, 

 they fliew that his hii)ours have been greatly over-rated. His 

 great error ii, that by forced analogies, or rather contrary 

 to all analogy, he has yoked togetlier words as of a common 

 origin, wliich have flowed from verj- different fources ; and 

 this error has arifen from his Ihidied inattention to the opcra- 

 tionsof the human mind, toll s entire want of acquaintance with 

 the Oriental tongues, whence all the European dialects, an- 

 cient and modern, have been derived ; and to his prepodc- 

 rous attempt to deduce Englllh, Latin, and Creek, from 

 the corruptions of Latin and Greek by a barbarous people in 

 the dark ages. Before we ijuit this lubjeA, we fliall make 

 one or two obfervations worthy the attention of thofe who 

 trace the ramifications of modern languages from their an- 

 cient fleiiis. 



Li the Oriental tongues gutturals abounded, wiiich, like 

 other confonants, contained in theml'elves the vowels nccef- 

 fary to their pronunciation. But it is the tendency of every 

 guttural, when become habitual, to foften dov.-n,'iii the ra- 

 pidity of utterance, into a mere afpirate, till it at length va- 

 niflies. Thus to/-nK has degenerated into horn, and yj^iJ'^:. into 

 humus, and into homo, a creature of earth ; fo in the Greek, 

 the Oriental khaan, a king, became ai.T,ro-i, to reign, which 

 Homer pronounced *xva<r-.i. This principle has obtained 

 m the formation of many words, derived into Englilli tlirougli 

 the medium of the Anglo-Saxon and the Gothic. And 

 theinllanees are Hill more numerous where the afjiirate, in- 

 llead of vanilliing, has been converted into the labials v, f, 

 or J'. Thus ii'icked is the Arabic "Ipp, hagiiad ; <warni, 

 the Peril an _f(7;/n ; all, h.-.^, ii-hole, the Hebrew 'i^, tal ; 

 wori, £fyo , the Cli.ildean pl}^, aari. ^^^, cheil, Jlrenglk ; 

 hence iL'eal, 'wealth, the ftrength of a tlate ; -wall, the 

 llrength of a town ; heal, health, the Itrength of the human • 

 body. LDTH' harl, turiie. 



An inattention to this principle has betrayed Mr. 

 Tooke into many errors ; thus he derive sjfc/</ from felbd, 

 that is, a piece of ground in which the wood is felled ; 

 whereas we conceive it is a corruption of cullus ; as if full us, 

 fuld, field, i. e. a cultivated piece c f ground, precifely in the 

 fame way as ;j^X--^, became_/7w, and x'^'i fh g"ll- Ths fub- 

 llitution of the labial fora guttural or afpirate obtained in an 

 early period of the Gfeek, and conllitutes the origin of 

 what is called the digamma. This digamma prevailed in the 

 age of Homer, when the language was chiefly oml. But 

 his poems, as being written, prckrved the guttural or afpi- 

 rate, the true original character, which being (ludied, caufed 

 the afpuate to prevail in time over the digamma ; and thus 

 it reitoitd the language to its primitive purity. But the 

 I>-.itin, having flou ed from the Greek at an early age, when 

 the caprice ot oral founds ipread uncontrolled by 'u.r.'ttfn 

 letters, and having no monument of genius like the Iliad and 

 Odyffey to correct that caprice, as was tlie cafe in Greece, 

 adopted the digamma, and thus feparatcd, by a broad line of 

 dillinctioM, from the parent tongue. We now return to the • 

 properties of nouns. 



The properties of nouns are gender, number, and 

 c.ife. Gender, as meaning the diilinition of fex, was by no 

 means a neceflary property of nouns, for the fignification 

 wus fulTicient to Ihew the fex to which- it belonged. • Thus, as 



Uktc 



