G R A 



in the oonqueft of America. TIic former, wlio commauJ- 

 fd at Quito, made an attack from the fouth, and the ktler 

 from Santa Marta on the north. As the original inhabitants 

 of tliis region were farther advanced in improvement than 

 any people of America, but the Mexicans and Peruvians, 

 they defended themfclves with great refolution and good con- 

 dilift. The abilities and perfevcrance of thefe two officers 

 ultimately prevailed, after encountering many dangers, and 

 reduced the country into the form of a Spanifli province. 

 The kingdom of New Granada was at fu-ft governed by tJie 

 royal audience founded in 1547, and by its prefident the 

 captain-general. In 171 S this arrangement was changed, 

 and the viceroyalty was eftabliflied ; but it was fuppreffed in 

 1724, and linallv ellablifhed in 1740. When the conque- 

 rors firll took pofleflion of this country, it was more po- 

 pulous than the generahty of the other Hates ; and its want 

 of population at' this time prevents its being rendered one of 

 the richeft in America- Tlie government refembles that of 

 the other viceroyalties ; with a royal audience at Santa Fc-, 

 the capital, atribunal of accounts, a treafury, and a royal nv.nt. 

 The royal audience fits in the fame hall for civil and criminal 

 caufes ; there being five judges, a fifcal, a proteftor of the 

 Indians, amd other officers. The governments, compre- 

 hended in the royal audience, are Carthagena, Panama, 

 vSanta Marta, Maracaibo, and Porto Bello, with the dif- 

 trift of the river Hacha ; in the interior are Antioquia, 

 Choco, Veragna, Mariquita, Giron, Neiva, and the Llanos. 

 There is alfo a royal audience at Quito, and a governor and 

 prefident, who rules the fouthern provinces in iubordination 

 to the viceroy of New Granada. But Quito remains a 

 bifhopric while Santa Fe is an archbirnopric, founded in 

 1562, with Popayan and Carthagena as fuffragans. In 

 1783 the archbifhop was named viceroy. There are alio 

 feveral miffions in the country called Los Llanos, and on 

 the Apari, Meta, and Cafanari, with fome little villages or 

 ttations. Thofe on the Upper and Lower Orinoco, and 

 river Negro, affigned to the Capuchins in 1769, belong to 

 the government of Caraccas. 



The population of this viceroyalty has not been accurately 

 afcertaincd ; but if the general population of Caraccas 

 amounts to 728,000, it is probable, fays Mr. Piukcrton, 

 that rather more than one million may be allowed for that 

 of Granada. Of the am.ount of its revenues we have r.o 

 certain documents ; but from the amount of the annu.-.l 

 coinage at Santa Fc and Popayan, and allowing a tenth to 

 the king for the expences of government, they cannot be 

 lefs than 22C,coo pounds. The ftate of the military force 

 is inconfiderable ; nor would it be eafy in thefe dillant pro- 

 vinces to collect an efteftive force of five or fix thoufand 

 men. The capital of this viceroyalty is Bogota, or Santa 

 Fe de Bcoia, for an account of which fee thofe articles. Of 

 the other principal cities and tov^ns notice is taken in the 

 pron-refs of tliJs work. The commerce of this viceroyalty 

 has very much fuffered by tlie fuppreffion of the galeons ; 

 and though it has been encouraged by the freedom granted 

 in 1778, it is not yet recovered. Tiie contraband trade, 

 carried on'hy the Engliih on the Mufquito ihore, and from 

 tlie Portuguefe fcttlenr.Mits in Brazil, and the Caribbean fea, 

 lias impeded the exertions of the Spanifh colonifts. Its com- 

 merce is allowed to be very difproportioned to the dillm- 

 guifhing advantages of this territory. Its exiftence almOit 

 depends on the gold from the mines, a few manufaftures, 

 and fome native produfts. The manufactures are carried 

 en chiefly at Tunja, Socorro, Velez, and other towns and 

 villages towards tiie plains ; and they confiil; of cotton cloths, 

 carpets, counterpanes, and .woollens of various defcriptions, 

 that fupport internal trade. The northern provinces pro- 



3 



G R A 



duce excellent wood for the conftruftion of fhips ; and 1! .- 

 dyeing woods are fuperior to thofe ol Cair.pechy. 'I'i.o 

 mahogany of Panama is exquifitely beautiful, and fupcrio.- 

 to ail others. The chocolate from the banks of the Magda- 

 lena is elleemed equal to that of Caraccas ; and vail harvefts 

 of cotton and tobacco might be gatliercd, while the navi- 

 gable rivers Magdalena and Atrato, and the ports of Cartha- 

 gena and Santa Marta, offer eaiy and commodious outlets 

 to the F<uropean markets. Its intermediate mart of Ha- 

 vanna prefents another convenience to the traffic of this 

 viceroyalty. The culture of coffee and chocolate is in a 

 profperous ftate in the province of Guayaquil. The falutai-}- 

 and ufeful vegetable produtlions of tliefe extenfive pro- 

 vinces are fo numerous and divcrfified, that induftry alone 

 is wanting to open all the fourccs of commerce. 



The climate of this extenfive viceroyalty prefents great 

 variety ; for though it lies under the equator, and in its 

 vicinity, the enorm.ous and fublime chain of the Andes, 

 running N. and S. from the Table land of Quito and Cuenca 

 to the Caribbean fea, and environs of Santa Marta, occafion 

 every diverfity from the fnow and ice of the poles to the rain 

 and heat of the tropics. The great rivers Mag'ialena and 

 Cauca rife and terminate in this province. The animals are 

 in general luch as are common to the wholu- continent of S. 

 America ; and the inhabitants breed a number of horfes and 

 mules which they fend to Peru. The ir.ineralogy of New 

 Granada cannot be reckoned unimportant ; Alccdo, cited 

 by Pinkerton, obferves, that gold is here more abundant 

 than in any other part of America. The richeft provinces 

 in this refpeCl are thofe of Choco and Antioquia ; and they 

 are eafily acceffible by t'-^e rivers Atrato and Guacuba, 

 which enter the gulf of Darien, and are navigable for a con- 

 fiderable extent. Silver is alfo rem.ark.ably pure ; and the 

 mines of Marc[uetones, in the diftritt of Pamplona are fo 

 rich, that if they had a fufficient number of labourers, they 

 might rival thofe of Potofi, as they fometim.es yield eight 

 marks of filver in the hu.ndred weight. Copper and lead 

 alfo abound, but they are not much valued ; and the various 

 kinds of precious ftones are plentiful. Platina has been 

 thought to be the peculiar product of Choco. Salt is ob- 

 tained in great abundance. The natives ufe maize, or the 

 CalTava root, inftead of bread. Game is abundant; and the 

 rivers and lakes furnifli an ample fupply of fifh. The natives 

 are tall ; and weai- thick, white, or variegated cloaks, which 

 they tie round the waift wiihafaffi. They adorn their heads 

 with ilrings of painted flowers very ingeniously made of 

 cotton. Robertlon's America, vol. iii. Pinkerlon's Geog. 

 vol. iii. 



GRANADIER, Gren.Adier, or Craimdeer, a foot- 

 foldier, who is armed with a firelock, bayonet, and in fome 

 fervices a hanger, and a cartridge-box that will hold 36 

 rounds. They wear a high cap, fronted with a piece of 

 brafs, on which the king's arms is generally rcprefentcd, 

 • &c. and a piece of cloth upon their Ihouldcrs, called a wing. 

 In fome armies they have better pay than a common 

 loldier. They were firt^ eflabliflied in France in 1667, 

 and foon after formed into companies : they were iird 

 ki.c.vn in England in 1685. 



Gr.^nadieks, or Grenadiers, Hcrfe, called by the French 

 grsnadieri -vo/ans, or flying granadiers, are fuch as _are 

 mounted on horfcback, but fight on foot and on horfcback. 

 Thefe were firft eftabhflied in France by Lewis XIV. in 

 1676, and formed into fquadrons. 



Every battalion of foot has generally a company of gra- 

 nadiers belonging to it ; which generally take the right oF 

 the battalion ; and, being the tallcll and ftoutefb men, 

 frequently are the firft in attacks. 



We 



