G R A 



theyeariC97. Tt.^ Icifure which his diplomatic fuiiclions 

 allowed was employed in trandatiofis of Voyages and Tra- 

 vels from the Portuguefe. In 17C2 he accompanied the 

 fame rr.inifter in Spain, where he remained about two years 

 as fecretary. Soon after this the marquis de Torci, minif- 

 ter of ftate, took him into his ferviee, and employed his 

 per. in tlrawi;ig up feveral memorials concerning; the Spanith 

 nioiiarchv, and other political topics, in which he was of 

 great ufe to his patron, and acquitted himfelf with great 

 ability. As an author his lall printed work was a treatife 

 "On the SuccefTion to the Crown of France.'' This was given 

 to the world in 17 18, and is reckoned a curious and ufeful 

 performance. He died at the age of 80 in the year 1733. 

 He had been poflefled of church preferment, and had held, 

 for a time, the office of cenfor royal of books. Moreri. 



Grand, in Geography, is a denomination applied to a 

 variety of places, as in the following inflances. 



Grand ylnfe, or Jcreime, a well-built town in the weftern 

 part of the ifland of Hiipaniola ; the roacf of wliich is fo 

 bad, that vclTels, in order to efcape the wind, are compelled 

 to take fliclter behind Cape Donna Maria. N. lat. 18^ 15'. 

 W. long. 7+^ 5'. 



Graxd Bay, a bay on the S.W. coafl of Newfoundland, 

 fomewhat S. of Cape Ray. 



GR.\SD-Bourg-Sii/agtiac, a town of France, in the de- 

 partment of the Creufc, and chief place of a canton, in the 

 diftrift of Gucret. The place contains 2525, and the can- 

 ton 7828 inhabitants, on a territory of 215 kiliometres, in 

 eight communes. 



Gr.vxd Canal, in Ireland, is an eflabli.liment of which 

 ■we have given fome account in our article Cakal, and 

 have lijre to correct an error which crept into that account, 

 in dating that the canal terminates in the Shannon at 

 Tarmonbury, infiead of Shannon-harbour, two miles above 

 Banaghar. The branch to the Barrow joins that river at 

 Athy ; with a collateral branch from Low-town near 

 Mo:iaftraven to portarlington. 



When the new part of the canal was finiHied in 1804, 

 from Tullaraore to the Shannon, a general repair and 

 deepening of the old parts took place, in which 3CC0 men 

 'were employed for expedition, and the whole line was fconred 

 out, fo that 60 ton "boats might pafs. At Tuilamore there 

 are wharfs and ward.oufes for goods, and alfo at Shannon- 

 harbour, with inns atid other accommodation for perfons on 

 bufinefs. 



The Doonare and Boulavoneen collieries in Queen's 

 county, belonging to this company, were in February 1809 

 worked bv I CO men, and they advertifed for 200 more, in 

 order to work 100 acres of a coal three feet four inches tliick, 

 which had then i-ecently been laid dry : the canals and river 

 navigations admitting of their being conveyed to Dublin, 

 Limerick, Waterfcrd, Athlone, &c. 



Kildare aqueduft, eight miL>s from Dublin, is 100 feet 

 high, according to M. De Luc, Geology, p. 320. 



GRA^i'D-Champ, a town of France, in the department of 

 Morbihan, and chief place of a canton, in the diilrid of 

 "Vannes ; feven miles N.N. W. of Vannes. The place con- 

 tains 4139. and tiie cr.nton 7850 inhabitants, on a territory 

 of 202 kiliometres, in four, eommunes. 

 . GR\^D-Couronm, a town of Fraiice, in the department 

 of the Lower Seine, and chief pb.ce of a canton, in the 

 dillricl of Rouen. The place contains 8000, and the canton 

 12,795 inl'^bitants, on a territory of 182^ kiliometres, in 

 13 communes. 



GKXSvt-Fa'.heri, feveral large detached mountains of 

 America, in the S.E. coper of TenefTec, in which are the 

 head-WLi.crs of Fjsendi Broad, and Cataba ri-vers. 



G R A 



Grand Foro, a town of Africa, on the Sbve Coaft, 



Gkandk IJlaiul, an ifland in the Atlantic, on the coaft 

 of Brazil ; 16 miles long and two broad. S. lal 23 15'. 



Grand JJlanrl, an ifland of America, in lake Superior, 

 on the N. fide of the lake.— Alfo, an ifland in Niagara 

 river, about (ix miles long and three broad ; its S. end is 



four miles N. of Fort Erie ,'\lfo, an ifland at the moi:th 



of lake Ontario, within the Britifii territories; 20 miles 

 long and at its greateft breadth four miles. 



Grand IJ!^, a new county of America, in the N.W. 

 corner of the (late of Vermont, incoqjoratcd in i8c2, and 

 including the towns of Nordi Middle and South Hero, 

 Vineyard (late ifle Molte), and Alburgh. 



Gra.nd IJla, two large iflands in lake Champlain, each 

 about eigiit or ten miles long, and forming a townftiip be- 

 longing to Vermont. 



Grand JunU'ion Canal. To the full account wliich we 

 gave of this very important inland navigation in our article 

 Canal, we have here merely to add a few particulars 

 which have occurred fince that account was printed. The 

 aft of the 50th Geo. III. for the Grand Union canal pro- 

 vides, that a canal with locks is to be fubftituted for the 

 railway-branch from Gayton to Northamptor., in order to 

 open a communica;ion by water, from the head of the 

 new navigation, the detign for the continuation of the Lei- 

 cetterfliire and Northamptonfliire Union canals further fouth 

 than Market Uaihorougli, where it now terminates, being 

 dropt, in confcquence of the adoption of the Grand Union 

 above-mentioned, which will connect the above canal with 

 the Grand Junftion. The three aqueduct arches over the 

 Oufe at Wolverton having been made flat elliptical, inftead 

 of the curves of equilibration, and the foundation alfo in- 

 fufficient, they gave figns of great infecurity immediately on 

 their centres being (Iruck, and in February 1808 two of 

 them actually fell in and euiptied the canal, as far as the ftop- 

 gates : fortunately, the old line of locks acrofs the valley had 

 not been diilurbed, and the trade has fuffercd no interrup- 

 tion in confequence. -A caft-iron aquedud on brick and 

 (lone piers is now fubllituting for tlicfe three arches, un- 

 der the direftion of Mr. Benjamin Bevan, who is now the 

 engineer to the company. In 1807 a new refervoir was 

 compleated near tlie (ide-ponds on the northern lide of the 

 1'ring fummit, for fupplying water to the locks below the 

 fide-ponds in dry feafi.ni. 



In examining the Krata and fprings on the north fide cf 

 the chalk funm it, between Tring aid Wendover, with a 

 view to better fupplying the Wciidover branch and fummit- 

 level with water, Mr. Bevan difcovered, that dilTerent water- 

 tight beds in the lower chalk held U]) (prings a coniidcrable 

 height above the canal, ov-iiig to their dip to the fouthward; 

 and in order to avail himfelf of this water, a fough or tun- 

 nel was began in the upper bank of the canal near Wen- 

 dover, and has been driven about half a mile fouthward, 

 interfefiing dilTercn.t (Irata of chalk from benea'.h, and 

 increafing in its fupply of water as it proceeded ; but ob- 

 ferving that the principal vent of this water was in the 

 winter and early fpring months, when the other fources were 

 more than fufiicieiit for the fupply of the canal, it occurred 

 to that ingenious gentli man to place a ftrong and water- 

 light valve in the irod favourable part of this tunnel, which, 

 as foon in the autumn as the canal is amply Aipjlied from 

 its \)ther feeders, is (hnt, and kept (o, until thr,fe begin 

 again to flacken in their fupply ; the water in the im:v.f nfe 

 planes of tliefe beds of chalk, in the mean time accumu- 

 lating, as in a v.ift fubterranenn refervoir, the Ipriopsrife 

 to the level which they originally did before this tum;i-i «-as 

 begim, about 20 feet above the cauol ; and for many w eeks 



aiitr 



