G R A 



alter the opening of the valve, in the beginning of fummer, 

 tliey pour forth a mod furpriling flream of water into the 

 canal, which otlier\\ile would have vented miles off in the 

 tlialk vallies, or (louly have made its way down through 

 the joints and lifTures in the ftrata to fprings at th.e bottom 

 of the chalk, which vent below the level of the canal. 



In 1808 a twelve-horfe fr.igle Bolton's fteam-engine was 

 crefted near Nalh-mill, in Hertfordfaire, to lift the water 

 again, the rife of four locks, for better fupplying the mills 

 durino- feven or eight months of the year. The company, 

 in 1806, canfed boats to be litted up for conveying fat 

 jheep ahve, in tiers one above another, rrom diftant places 

 in the county, to the London markets, inllead of fatiguing 

 them by driving along the roads, the feheme of thus bring- 

 ing oxen having been previoufly tried, and foimd not to 

 anfwer ; but after a fair trial, the expences were found to 

 over-balance tlie advantages expefted from this alfo ; we 

 are forrv alfo to add, that the cattle-market at Paddington 

 has failed, and that the pens eretSted for it by the company 

 have been fold and removed. 



The limited quantity of coals brought to Paddington, or 

 within 20 miles of London by this canal, now pay a duty 

 of io.f. ()\d per ton (of 20X i lalb.), which is equivalent to 

 the duty on Newcaftle coals in the Thames : in confequence 

 of this heavy and opprelfive duty, many waggons and carts 

 are employed in fetching coals by land, from the next wharf 

 beyond the limited dillance, near Watford. The Grand 

 Union aanal above-mentioned is begun, and is to join this 

 canal near the S.W. end of the Braunfton tunnel. The de- 

 fign of a branch from near Tring, through Aylefbury and 

 Tliame, to the Thames and Ifis navigation and V/ilts and 

 Berks canal near Abingdon, has been again revived, and it 

 fcems probable, that an acl for that pnrpofe will pafs in 

 the enfuing feihons of parliament {181 1 ). 



Towards fupplying water to the inhabitants near Pad- 

 dington, a transfer of the company's rights has been made 

 to a feparate water-company, which is expefted to be con- 

 firmed by parliament in the enfuing feflions. 



In November 1806, the company declared the firit half 

 yearly dividend of i\ per cent, on the original (hares, which 

 has regularly increased to 3 per cent, half-yearly, exelu- 

 five of property tax. The affairs of the company feeni 

 now fall retrieving from the effefts of their great mif- 

 management for many years after its ellablidiment, and to 

 be now in a very profperous ftate ; the Ihares (of 100/. ) 

 were, in September 18 10, reported to be currently fold at 

 302/. each ! although, at one period, the fame could with 

 difficulty be difpofed of at 65/. to 70/. each : fuch are the 

 cffefts of good or bad management, and of abihties and in- 

 tegrity in thofe entrufted with the direftion and manage- 

 ment of an immenfe concern hke this, in infpiring confidence 

 in commercial men to enter into trade and ipeculations 

 connected with the canal, and in capitalifls to invefl. their 

 money in the company's (liares. A refolution of the 

 general affembly of proprietors, on the yth of June 1803, 

 for appointing a general fuperintendant of their concerns, 

 principally led to this beneficial change. On the i ith of 

 Jinie following, Charles Harvey, efq. was appointed to this 

 office by the committee, and, after much oppofition from 

 certain powerful individuals, was, on the nth of July, con- 

 firmed therein, by a general aflembly called for the fpecial 

 purpofe. 



Grand Key, a fmall ifland among the Bahamas. N. 

 lat. 26' 54'. W. long. 77'' 48'. 



GliAND Lake, a lake of Louifiana. N. lat. 32^. W. 

 long. 03° 5'. — Alfo, a lake in the province of New Brunf- 

 wick, ncBi the river St. John's, faid to be 30 miles 



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long, eight or ten broad, and in fome pl.iccs 40 fathoms 

 deep. 



GuAND Luce, Le, a town of France, in the department of 

 tlie Sarthe, and chief plitee of a canton, in the diftrici of 

 Saint-Calais ; 14 miles S.E. ^f Lc Mans. The place con- 

 tains 2045, and the canton 10,493 inhabitants, on a territory 

 of 2277; kiliometres, in 8 com.nunes. 



Grand Manen IJland, an ifland of the Atlantic ocean ; 

 6 miles S. by S.E. of Campo Bello ifland, oppofite to 

 Papamaquoddy bay on the eaftern border of the United 

 States. 



Grand Rulge, is a term often ufod, (fee our artielr 

 C.vn'AL,) for the water-head, or fummit line, acrofs an ifland 

 or continent, from whence the rain waters fall by oppofite 

 courfes to the ocean. It refults from the admirable fyftem 

 of vallies, which the great Creator has fpread over the 

 whole face of the earth, leaving no part, perhaps, originally 

 of the furface, witiiout a defcent and out-fall to tlie fea ; 

 that the ridges, or fummit-lines, form a fyftem not lefs 

 beautiful and perfeft than the vallies ; and whence it hap- 

 pens, that, from any hill whatever, it is prafticable to mark 

 on a good map, and to travel to every other hill in the farcn? 

 ifland or continent, hovi'ever large, without croffing any- 

 running water, however fmall, but conftantly to pafs along 

 a ridge or waterfliead ; whence the waters on the furface 

 fall oppofite ways from your route. It feems furprifing, 

 that no one has attempted to illuftrate this fubjeft by a good 

 map, fliewing all the connedtions and windings of thcfe 

 ridges in England, or even any local diftricl, until of late, 

 that Mr. Farey has prepared a fquare of map, including 

 Derbylhire, fliewing the ridges, and the fituation of all the 

 hills and principal eminences upon them, which is intended 

 to accompany his report to the Board of Agriculture on 

 that interefling diilrift. 



The triangular form of the Britifli ifland, and the fituatioH 

 of the two principal rivers, the Thames and the Severn, (or 

 rather the Briilol channel,) occafion the grand ridge of 

 England to divide into two branches on the Chalk Downs, a 

 few miles N.E. of Devizes ; one of which, (the fouth- 

 weftern,) proceeds to Rundaway-hill, and erodes the deep 

 cutting of the Kennet and A von canal, near to Devizes, 

 near Ead Lavington, "Warniinfter, Wincanton, Beaminfter, 

 Crewkerne, Chard, &c. by a moft circuitous route, paffing 

 almoft to the north and to the fouth coads alternately, until 

 it reaches the Land's End in Cornwall : having, in this 

 long route, probably delcendcd to no lower ftrata than the 

 red ground or marie, of which we fhall fpcak further pre- 

 fently. 



The other, or fouth-eaftern branch of the grand ridge, 

 proceeds along the chalk and the clays and fands above it, 

 acrofs the deep-cutting of the Kennet and Avon canal, near 

 Burbage, by High-cleic, (near which it probably occupies 

 the highed dratum in the whole Britidi feries,) near to Alton 

 and Haflemere, when it foon defcends ofl" the chalk into the 

 great fouthern denudation, (fee Philofopliical Magazine, 

 vol. XXXV. p. 130.), and purfnes the under meafures, tlirough 

 the wealds of Suftex and Kent, by Alford, Lv ith-hill, Hands- 

 crofs, (on the Londoii and Brighton roads, being there on the 

 lowed dratum but one which appears in that road,) by Turner- 

 hill, Nutley, Crewboroi'.gh, Rothcrfield, Wadhurd, Tenter- 

 den, Shadoxhurft, Lympe (near Hythe), where it again af- 

 cends the edge o{ the chalk, and proceeds on it by Paddlef- 

 worth, Swiogfield, and Lydden, to the coaft at King's Down, 

 near Walmer caille. 



From the point of branching, N.E. of Devizes, as above 

 defcribed, the grand ridge follows the chalk northward by 

 ■White-horie hill, near Chcrhill, &e. till within a few miles 



•f 



