G R A 



lof S>vin(3on, wTien it turns to the N.W., and dcfccnds to 

 liie marie, and other ftrata below the chalk, eroding the 

 Woburn fand llratum, not far from Wooton-BafTet : and, 

 pading to the Bath free-ftone range, it crofTes the Salperton 

 tunnel, on the Thames and Severn canal, and proceeds near 

 to the wellern edges of the fame ftrata, by Charlton-Kings, 

 near Cheltenham, Stanvvay-hill, Broad-way-hill, Lemington- 

 hill, Long-Compton-hill, and Epwell ; foon after wliich, 

 the grand ridge begins to leave the free-ftone, and take to 

 the dark blue clays, &c. under it, except ciofling fome 

 points of the ftone, and traverfes the Fcnny-Compton tunnel, 

 on the Oxford canal ; thence by Hellidon, and nearDaventry, 

 it crotFes the Br lunfton tunnel, on the Grand Junction canal, 

 at Well-Haddon, and at Hufband's-Bofworth, the tunnels 

 of the Grand Union canal ; when, turning north-well, the 

 ridge paflls Gihnoitou ; and not far from Lutterworth it 

 croffes the Lias clays and lime-ftone ftrata, and dcfctr.ds 

 to the red marie (above mentioned), and quickly, by a 

 great fault, or fudden lift of the ftrata, is brought upon the 

 coal-meafures of the Bedworth-field, and croftes the deep 

 cutting of the Coventry canal, through Bedworth tov.n, 

 acrofs the late fir Roger Newdigate's canal, and fivejps 

 round to the weft, fouth-weft, and fouth, to Kenil worth ; 

 when, having croflcd another fault, and got again upon the 

 red marie, it croii'es the deep-cutting of the Warwick 

 and Birmingham canal, near Baddefiey-Clinton, and of the 

 Stratford canal, near Hockley ; thence by Aftiley-heath, 

 and croftes the Weft-heath tunnel of the Werceiter and 

 Birmingham canal, and the Lapal tunnel of the Dudley 

 canal : after whicli, the grand ridge crofies the bafaltic 

 hills between Rowley and Dudley, (which belong to the 

 red marie ftrata,) and, defcending to the coal-meafures, 

 crofles the Dudley tunnel N.W. of that tov.n, and proceeds 

 by Sedgley ; then crofting an ereft and denudated patch of 

 the yellow lime-ftrata, it croffes the deep-cuttings of the 

 Old Birmingham canal, the Wyrley and Ellington canal, 

 and of the Staffordftiire and Worcefterftiire canal, all near 

 Wolverhampton town ; then by Taterhall, Wrotteftey, 

 Blimhill, Cowley, Wooton, (near Ecclcftiall), Broughton, 

 Afhley, Maer, Madeley-park, to Keefe, (near Newcaftle- 

 under-line, ) where it has again got upon coal-meafures, by 

 Bignole-hill, and acrofs the Harecattle tunnel, on the Trent 

 and Merfey canal, by Golden-hill, Wickinftone rocks, and, 

 crofting an immenfe fault, defcends to the lime-ftone fliale, 

 (fee Mr. Farey's feftion in Plate IL vol. xxxi. of the 

 Philofophical Magazine,) on Biddulph Moor ; tlience palTos 

 the top of the Great Rudyard refervoir, to Gun-hill, and 

 crofting to High Roches rocks, it there afcends the firft 

 grit ; then croffes a fmall trough of the firft coal-ftiale and 

 fecond grit, and defcends again to the firft grit, or Ram- 

 {havv rocks, and ftill further, on the linie-lloue fliale, at the 

 Royal Cottage, along which it proceeds to the N.W. fide 

 of Flafli, and then afcends the firft grit again, on South-Axe- 

 edge-hill ; it again defcends to the fti;de lime-ftone in 

 crofting Middle and Great Axe-edge-hills ; from whence it 

 afcends acrofs the firft grit and firft coal-ftiale, and afcends 

 the fecond grit on Thatch Marfti ; this it purfues to the north 

 of the Macclesfield and Buxton road, and then turning N.E. 

 again defcends to the lime-ftone fliale, and follows it acrofs 

 the Manchefter and Buxton road ; foon after, it afcends the 

 firil grit and firft coal-fliale, on Comb's-mofs, and again 

 defcends to tlie ftiale, paflTes Sitting-low, (il mile S.E. 

 of Chapel-cn-le-Frith,) when, turning eaflward, it croffes 

 the Great lime-ftone fault, (N of Dove-holes,) and 

 is found upon the third lime-llone, on which it croffes 

 the quarries and rail-way of the Peak-Forell canal ; foon 

 after, it paftes over the ballet-edge of the thii-d load-llone, 

 Vol. XVI. 



G R A 



and defcends to the great fourth liine-flone in Peak-Foreft, 

 which is probably the /cwf^ ftratum, to which the grand 

 ridge paffes in its route through . England ; this lime-rock 

 having been eftimatcd to be four miles at leaft of perpen- 

 dicular thlcknefs below the top of the chalk, from whence 

 we commenced our defcription ; much the greater part of 

 this vaft feries of ftrata having in tlJs route along the grand 

 ridge been loft fuddenly by perpenciicubr lifts of the llrata 

 or faults, which, in proceeding to this point by more favour- 

 able routes, might have been ften baffeting in fucceflion. 

 For about one and a half mile the ridge proceeds upon the 

 fourth lime, then again afcends a point of the third toad- 

 ftone and third line, to the village called Sparrow-pit, in 

 the Manchefter ard Caftlcton road, where it again croffes 

 the great fault and afcends to the lime-ftone-ftiale on 

 Rufliop-edge, whence it proceeds northward, and after crofF- 

 ing the Lridle-road from Hayfield to Edale-chapel, it 

 afcends the firft grit on Edale rock, and proceeds acrof; the 

 mofl'cs on Kii.der-fcout hilis ; thefe it leaves at their N.W, 

 corner, and cro.Tcs the moffes on the ftiale, and the ancient 

 Bridle-road called Doftor-Gate, from Gloftop to Afliop- 

 Dale; it then afcends the firft grit again on fticlf-ftones, and 

 follows the fan;e to Wain-ftones and blakelow-ftones, which 

 feems to be the higheft land in Derbyfhire, it then paffe* 

 N. E. by Round-hiil, and afcends to the firft coal- 

 lliale, croffes the Manchefter and Peniftone-road at Lady- 

 crofs ; where, turning N. W. it afcends the fecond grit 

 reck, and proceeds by Dean and Bretland Edges, to crof« 

 the Gloffop and Huddersfield road, on the bogs upon this 

 rock on Holme mofs ; from hence the rid.ge, after fome 

 diftance, again defcends to the firft coal-fhale, the firfl 

 grit, and to the limeftone-fliale, crofting the Stanage 

 funnel on the Huddersfield canal near Marfdcn ; the ridge 

 then proceeds acrofs Black-ftcne-edge, and croffes the deep- 

 cutting of the Rochdale canal, near the village of Hun- 

 dersfi.eld, (which has improperly been faid in the population 

 accounts of i8oi, to be a to-jjti containing 10,671 perfons ! ) 

 the ridge then paffes Holme on the Burnley and Hahfa;t 

 road, whence it proceeds, and near Co!ne comes again upon 

 coal-meafures, whicli are, however, loft again at the great 

 fauit, in which part of the Foulridge tunnel on the Leeds 

 and Liverpool canal was driven, and which occafioncd the 

 extraordinary trouble and expence attending that tunnel, 

 which is mentioned in oar article Can.m- From hence tlie 

 grand ridge proceeds, by Barnoldfwick, Weft Marton, near 

 the Cold-Coniflora, E. of Settleton liir.e-ftonc, over Pen- 

 nigant-hill, Snays-fell, Nine-ftandards. Kelton-fell, Lune- 

 foreft, Scordal-head, Milborn-foreft, Aldftone-moor, lime, V 

 Hartfide-crofs, Geltfdale-foreft, Talkin, and croffes the 

 Roman or Picts wall on the E. fide of Upper Denton, and 

 foon after it enters Roxburghfhire in Scotland ; through 

 wiiich it is much cafier to trace this grand ridge than in 

 England, it forming often the boundaries between the 

 Scotch counties, to which this ridge and its collateral 

 ridges are much better adapted than the rivers and brook-s 

 which have generally been chofcn as boundaries, both as 

 being more permanent, and not liable to the changes which 

 ftrcams of water are undergoing in the botttms of \-ales, 

 and avoiding thofc difputcs refpcCting, and the delav of 

 making and improving bridges, fords, navig;itions, ir.iili, 

 &c. owing to the rivers being part in one county and part 

 in another, and by which alio many of the moli conlider- 

 able towns are fplit into 'two or more counties, to the no 

 fmall inconvenience of their inhabitants, in judicial and other 

 county matters. 



GitAxn Rktr. See Ott.\w.v and OtrsE. — Alfo, a ri- 

 ver of Africa which runs into the Indian fea, S. Ut. z" S*. 

 4 I —Alfo, 



