G R A 



G R A 



do not [o readily contraft, and, therefore, Mr. Hunter infers, 

 that tlieir contraction and the prodticlion of (Icin are pro- 

 bably efiefts of one caufe. The induration, occafioned by 

 inflammation, retards the contraftion of granulations, thougli 

 Mr. Hunter was inclined to think, that the circumdanee 

 did not arife fo much from a mechanical principle, as from 

 the diminution of the difpofition to the procefs occafioned 

 by the inlammation itfelf. Granulations, however, as tlie 

 fame writer explains, are fometimes undoubtedly retarded in 

 tlieir contraction by mechanical caufes, when formed on 

 parts naturally fixed, fuch as a bone ; for inftiuice, on the 

 fliull, the rtiin, &c. 



When, by reafon of a lofs of fubftance, there is a deep 

 Iiollow fore, and the contraction of the granulations is con- 

 fiderably advanced, before they have had time to rife as 

 liifli as the flcin, the edges of the latter part are generally 

 , drav\'n down, and tuclced in by it, in the direclion of the 

 excavated farface of the fore. 



If it is a cajity or abfcefs, which is granulating, witli 

 only a fmall opening, as often happens when the liirgeon 

 has neglecled to make a free af>erturc, the whole circum- 

 ference contracls, like the bladder of urine, till little or no 

 cavity remains ; and if any cavity is left, when the granula- 

 tions can contract no further, they unite witli fueh as are 

 oppofite to them. 



This contraction in the granulations, fays Mr. Hunter, is 

 continued till the whole of a fore is healed, or Ikinned o^er ; 

 but it happens in the greatell degree in the beginning, when 

 there is lefs refiilance in the furrounding parts. 



The contraftion of granulations may often be aflilled by 

 art, namely, by uling bandages, which tend to pulh, draw, 

 or keep the flcin near to. the fore which is healing. 



Befides the contraftile power of the granulations, there 

 is a fimikr power in the furrounding edge of the cicatrizing 

 fliin, which afliils the contraftion ot the gi-anulations, and is 

 even more coufiderable, drawing the mouth of the wound 

 tO"-ether like a purfe, and fometimes, when the furface of the 

 fore is high, grafping the granulations. 



The contratlile power of the (kin is chiefly confined to 

 the very edge, where it is healing. The furrounding old 

 flcin either docs not contraft at all, or not much, as is evi- 

 dent from its being thrown into folds and plaits, while the 

 new flcin is fmooth and fliining. The original fl<!n, having 

 little or no power of contraction, is a reafon why round 

 rores cannot to readily heal as long ones. 



Mr. Hunter has explained, that the ufes, arifing from the 

 contraftion of granulations, are various.. It facilitates the 

 healino- of a fore, as there are two operations going on at 

 the fame time, -viz. contraftion and flcini^ing. It avoids the 

 formafion of much new flcin, an effeft which is very evident 

 in all fores which are healed, efpecially in found parts. When 

 a thick thigh, feven or eight inches in diameter, has been 

 amputated, the furface of the fore is of the fame width ; yet, 

 in the end, the cicatrix will be no broader than a crown- 

 piece, in confequence of the old Ik in becoming drawn over 

 the ulcer, by the contractile power of the granulations. 

 The advantage of this is coufiderable, fince fuch parts as are 

 originally formed are always much fitter for the purpofes of 

 life than thofe which are newly formed. 



After all, a fore is covered with flcin, the fubftance, which 

 is the remains of the granulations on which the new (kin is 

 formed, ftiU continues to contraft, till hardly any thing 

 more is left than what tlie new flcin (lands upon. This is a 

 verv fmall part, in comparifun with the firft formed granula- 

 tions, and, in time, it lofes moll of its apparent velfels, be- 

 coming white and ligamentous. All new-healed fores ai-e at 



firft redder than the common (kin, but aftervrards become 

 niucli whiter. 



As the granulations contraft, the furrounding old fkin is 

 flretched to cover the part which is deprived of nitcgumcnts. 

 At fird, the flcin is brought little further than into tlic pofi. 

 tion from which it had receded, on the occurrence of the 

 wound ; but afterwards it becomes drawn mucli more con- 

 fiderably, being llretched and elongated. See Hunter's 

 Treatile on the Blood, Inflammation, &c. chap. 7. 



GRANULES, in Geology, is a term which Mr. Whitc- 

 hurll, (" Enquiry,' ift edit. p. 180 ) and others, employ 10 

 exprefs the grains or minute lumps of llony matter, cora- 

 poling the fand ufuully found or. the furface of vailcvs, and 

 which is formed by attrition and tlie grinding down of 

 ftones of different kinds. 



GRANIJI.OSE Ktx)T.-i, are thofe compofed of fmaller 

 kiiob.s than tlw grumofe one.s, and rofenibling fo many gl•ain^ 

 ot corn •. of this fort is the white faxifrage. 



GRANUM ViRiWK, in Botany, a name given by fomp 

 authors to the turpeiitine-tree. The fruit of tliis tree ■i^ 

 redililh while unripe ; but as it ripens, it becomes of a deej* 

 blueilh-green colour, and hence tiie name. 



GliANZA, in Gio-mpl.'y, a town of Africa, in tlie 

 country of ivlagadoxa. 



GR,\NZOW, a town of tlie Ucker-Mark of Braiiden- 

 bury ; b' miles S. E. of Prcnzlow. 



GRAO, a port of Spain, in Valencia, which carries 

 on a coalling trade along the Mediterranean ; on one 

 fide, on the coafls of Catalonia, RoufTillon, Languedoc, 

 as far as Marfellles ; and on the otlier fide, to Alicant, Car- 

 thagena, and Malaga : foine veffels even pafs the ftraits of 

 Gibraltar, into the Atlantic, and go to Cadi/r ; and fome- 

 times they go round I'ortu^l as far as tlie ports of Galicia. 

 The largell; of thefe {hips are fh).Ti ^o to 60 tons, each liav- 

 ing a crew not exceeding 1 1 men. They carry out wines, 

 filk, wool, dry fruits, and kali-; and return with linens, 

 woollens, iionraongery, fpices, and corn. Grao is pleafant 

 in fummer, on account of the lea-baths, w Inch draw together 

 a great nuinbtr of people for health or amufenient. 



GRAPE, the fruit of the viae. See Vixe and Wi.ne. 

 See alfo Cli;k.\nts and R.\i.sin-.s. 



Gii.VFK Hyac'mlh. See HvAf ikth".. 



G\\.i\.?]i, Mangrove or fe.i^iJe. See CoccOLOB.t- 



Gi;.\.PES, IVolf See LYto.sr.\i"i[YL..K. 



GiiAPE-_ffl//j, in Natural Hi/lory, a name given by air- 

 thors to a Ipecies of protuberances, refembling cJuiters i-f 

 grapes, and when ripe of a ivddiflt colour, which are found 

 hanging from the oak at fome feafons of the rear. Thefe 

 are genuine galls, though of a peculi.v kind, and owe their 

 origin to a very fmall four-^vinged black Hy. See Galls. . 



GKAPEr/i'o/, in Aitillery, is a combination of fmall Ihot^ 

 put into a thick canvas bag, and corded, llronglv together, 

 fo as to form a kind of c) linder, whofe diameter is equal to 

 tliatofthe ball adapted to the camion. The number of 

 Ihot in grape varies according to the fervice or fize of the 

 guns :^ in lea-fervice nine is always the number ; but by- 

 land it is increaled to any numl'er or llze, from an ounce and 

 a quarter in weight to tluve or four pounds. In fca-fervice, 

 the bottoms and pins are made of iron, whereas thofe ufed 

 by land are of wood. 



Gk.\pE;/.'5;.y, Botrites, is a fort of llalaginitcs, which 

 eflervelces with acids, accoi-ding to Dr. Grew, " Rarities of 

 Grefliam College," p. 3C4. It is .alfo the naine of certain 

 botroidal llalactites, which are fometimes met with, pendant, 

 from tlie roofs of caverns in lime-llcie difiricts. 



GliAPES, in the Alanegc, a term ufed to fignify tlie arrets or 

 mangy tumours that happen in a hort's legs. See A-RHet.<., 



GRA— 



